Test 4 General Information Flashcards
1
Q
How would you characterize the oxygen requirements of Haemophilus influenzae?
A
facultative anaerobe, fermentative
2
Q
What species of Haemophilus is most commonly associated with disease?
A
Haemophilus influenzae
3
Q
What 4 diseases are caused by non-encapsulated (non-typable) Haemophilus influenzae?
A
otitis
4
Q
What covers the surface of many strains of Haemophilus influenzae?
A
polysaccharide capsule
5
Q
After the introduction of the HIB vaccine, more than half of all invasive disease is now caused by these types of strains?
A
nonencapsulated, nontypeable strains
6
Q
With the advent of the HIB vaccine, systemic infections can occur in nonimmune patients. What are 2 examples of systemic infections?
A
meningitis, epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis)
7
Q
What mediates the colonization of the oropharynx with Haemophilus influenzae?
A
pili and nonpilus adhesins
8
Q
What types of Haemophilus influenzae specimens (where in the body) are tested using microscopy?
A
CSF, synovial fluid, lower respiratory specimens
9
Q
What Haemophilus species are antigen tests specific for?
A
Haemophilus influenzae type b (these antigen tests are nonreactive for infections caused by other organisms)
10
Q
Where is Neisseria found?
A
Respiratory tract
11
Q
What conditions are best for Neisseria spp. growth?
A
35 -37C, increased CO2, humidity
12
Q
Neisseria spp. is oxidase positive or negative?
A
positive
13
Q
What microorganism is associated with the antigen protein IgA protease?
A
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
14
Q
What are normal infection sites for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
A
Genitals, eyes, throat, rectum
15
Q
What disease is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
A
Gonorrhea
16
Q
Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) causes what disease?
A
Meningitis
17
Q
Where is Neisseria meningitidis found in the human body?
A
Nasopharynx
18
Q
What is the path of Neisseria meningitidis in the body?
A
Nasopharynx to blood stream to upper respiratory tract
19
Q
Neisseria meningitidis can cause this disease with peptidoglycan
A
Arthritis
20
Q
Latex B is a serology test testing for antibodies against which microorganism?
A
Neisseria meningitidis
21
Q
Which antibiotic is used to treat meningitis?
A
Penicillin G
22
Q
Is Moraxella catarrhalis gram negative or gram positive?
A
Gram negative
23
Q
Where is M. catarrhalis found?
A
Part of the normal flora of the respiratory tract
24
Q
What atmospheric conditions are necessary for N.meningitidis?
A
3-7% CO2, 35 degrees C for 72 hours in humid conditions
25
What atmospheric conditions are necessary for Haemophilus influenzae?
5-10% CO2 for 24 -72 hours at 35 -37 degrees C
26
Which organism(s) are associated with serogroups A, C, W135, & Y-N
N. meningitidis
27
Which organism is the 3rd most common source of food poisoning in the US and UK?
C. perfringens
28
Nisseria meningitidis is positive for what CTA sugars?
Maltose and Glucose
29
Campylobacter gram stain morphology
curved or spiral gram-negative bacilli
30
How does a C. jejuni infection manifest?
diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, headache, muscle pain
31
What temperature is ideal for Acrobacter growth?
25C
32
What are the best specimens for anaerobe identification and culture?
tissues and needle aspirates in transport media
33
What are the selective media for anaerobes?
LKV, ANA-PEA, BBE, CCFA
34
What are the most reliable identification tests for anaerobes?
gas-liquid chromatograph, PRAS biochemicals
35
Campylobacter growth requirements?
42C, 3-5% O2, 2-10% CO2
36
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Head/neck aspirates
Optimal
37
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Bile
Optimal
38
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? throat, gastric, bowel, vaginal, or cervical swabs
Inappropriate
39
Name 3 main sources of anaerobic infection.
nosocomial, surgical, trauma
40
Gram-positive or gram-negative? Proprionibacterium
gram-pos
41
What is the morphology of Haemophilus influenzae?
small, pleomorphic, gram-negative rods or coccobacilli
42
Is Haemophilus influenzae gram-positive or gram-negative?
gram-negative
43
What are the two morphological shapes of Haemophilus influenzae?
rods and coccobacilli
44
How would you characterize the oxygen requirements of Haemophilus influenzae?
facultative anaerobe, fermentative
45
Which Haemophilus influenzae type is clinically the most virulent and why?
type b, PRP in capsule
46
How does Haemophilus influenzae adhere to host cells?
via pili and nonpilus structures (adhesins)
47
What species of Haemophilus is most commonly associated with disease?
Haemophilus influenzae
48
In what type of patients is Haemophilus influenzae most often reported?
pediatric
49
Is there a vaccine available for Haemophilus influenzae? If so, what is it called?
yes, HIB
50
What 3 diseases does Haemophilus influenzae type b cause?
meningitis, eppiglottic, bacteremia
51
What 4 diseases are caused by non-encapsulated (non-typable) Haemophilus influenzae?
otitis, sinusitits, tracheobranhitis, pneumonia
52
Do you need media supplementation when growing Haemophilus species? If so, what growth-stimulating factors do you need?
yes, X factor and NAD
53
What type of agar must be used for in vitro isolation of Haemophilus and why?
heated chocolate agar, to destroy the inhibitors of V factor (NAD)
54
What covers the surface of many strains of Haemophilus influenzae?
polysaccharide capsule
55
How many antigenic serotypes have been identified of Haemophilus influenzae? What are they?
6, a to f
56
Before the introduction of the HIB vaccine, which Haemophilus influenzae serotype was responsible for more than 95% of all invasive Haemophilus infections?
Haemophilus influenzae serotype b
57
After the introduction of the HIB vaccine, more than half of all invasive disease is now caused by these types of strains?
nonencapsulated, nontypeable strains
58
With the advent of the HIB vaccine, where do most adult infections occur in the body?
oropharynx
59
With the advent of the HIB vaccine, systemic infections can occur in nonimmune patients. What are 2 examples of systemic infections?
meningitis, epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis)
60
Where does Haemophilus species (especially H. parainfluenzae and non encapsulated H. influenzae) colonize in virtually all people with the first few months of life?
upper respiratory tract
61
Is disseminated disease common with Haemophilus species?
no
62
What specific species of Haemophilus is a common cause of disease in unvaccinated children?
encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae
63
What mediates the colonization of the oropharynx with Haemophilus influenzae?
pili and nonpilus adhesins
64
Which groups of patients are at greatest risk for Haemophilus disease?
those with inadequate levels of protective antibodies, those with depleted complement, and those who have undergone splenectomy
65
What test is a sensitive test for detecting Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and lower respiratory specimens only?
microscopy
66
What types of Haemophilus influenzae specimens (where in the body) are tested using microscopy?
CSF, synovial fluid, lower respiratory specimens
67
What type of agar is used for a culture test of Haemophilus species?
chocolate agar
68
What Haemophilus species are antigen tests specific for?
Haemophilus influenzae type b (these antigen tests are nonreactive for infections caused by other organisms)
69
What kind of immunization prevents most Haemophilus influenzae type b infections?
active immunization with conjugated polyribitol phosphate (PRP)
70
Describe Neisseria gram stain morphology.
Gram-negative diplococci
71
Where is Neisseria found?
Respiratory tract
72
What media is used to grow Neisseria?
BAP, Chocolate, Modified Thayer Martin, NYC agar
73
What conditions are best for Neisseria spp. growth?
35 -37C, increased CO2, humidity
74
What technique is useful for creating a carbon dioxide rich environment in which to grow microorganisms such as Neisseria?
Candle-jar
75
Neisseria spp. is oxidase positive or negative?
positive
76
What do Neisseria gonorrhoeae use pilli for?
Used to attach to tissue, resist WBC, and DNA rearrangement
77
What does the protein IgA protease do for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Breaks down antibodies
78
What microorganism is associated with the antigen protein IgA protease?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
79
Is piliation needed for virulence in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Yes
80
What are normal infection sites for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Genitals, eyes, throat, rectum
81
Symptoms of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection include
Pus, inflammation, painful urination
82
Waiting to treat Neisseria gonorrhoeae can cause this reproductive problem.
Sterility
83
What disease is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gonorrhea
84
When a Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection leads to papules or a rash, this condition is present.
Bacteremia
85
What is gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum?
Eye infection in babies
86
Specimens used for diagnosing Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections
Pus and secretions
87
Which serological strains of Neisseria meningitis have vaccines available?
A, C, Y, W135
88
Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) causes what disease?
Meningitis
89
What is an important antigen of Neisseria meningitidis?
Capsule
90
What antigen causes toxic effects in Neisseria meningitidis?
LPS
91
Where is Neisseria meningitidis found in the human body?
Nasopharynx
92
What does dissemination mean?
Spreading
93
What is the path of Neisseria meningitidis in the body?
Nasopharynx to blood stream to upper respiratory tract
94
What is the name for the rash or tiny dots seen on the skin during meningitis?
Petechiae
95
What is the biosafety classification of Nisseria meningitidis?
Level 2
96
Neisseria meningitidis can cause this disease with peptidoglycan
Arthritis
97
Specimens used to diagnose meningitis are
CSF, nasal swab, material from rash
98
How is Nessieria meningitidis (meningitis) diagnosed?
culture, gram stain, and latex B serology
99
Latex B is a serology test testing for antibodies against which microorganism?
Neisseria meningitidis
100
If a patient has meningitis and gets over it, are they immune to Neisseria meningitidis?
only to the strain they were exposed to
101
Which antibiotic is used to treat meningitis?
Penicillin G
102
What percent of people carry Neisseria meningitidis?
5-30%
103
What antibiotic is used to control M. catarrhalis?
ampicillin, penicillin
104
Is Moraxella catarrhalis gram negative or gram positive?
Gram negative
105
What is unique about M. catarrhalis (for identification)?
Oxidase positive, DNase positive, does not ferment sugars
106
Where is M. catarrhalis found?
Part of the normal flora of the respiratory tract
107
What media is used to culture M. catarrhalis?
Chocolate, BAP
108
Moraxella catarrhalis causes what diseases?
pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis (rarely bacteremia and wound infection)
109
Gram stain of Neiserria meningitidis?
gram-negative diplococci
110
Best plate for cultivating Neiserria meningitidis?
Chocolate agar
111
What atmospheric conditions are necessary for N.meningitidis?
3-7% CO2, 35 degrees C for 72 hours in humid conditions
112
Describe the gram stain morphology of Haemophilus influenzae.
Gram-negative coccobacilli
113
What media is best for cultivating Haemophilus influenzae?
Chocolate agar
114
What atmospheric conditions are necessary for Haemophilus influenzae?
5-10% CO2 for 24 -72 hours at 35 -37 degrees C
115
Which organism(s) are associated with foul odors?
Bacteriodes spp, Fusobacterium
116
Which organism(s) are associated with serogroups A, C, W135, & Y-N
N. meningitidis
117
Which organism(s) are associated with brick red fluorescence?
Prevotella, Porphyromonas
118
Which organism(s) are associated with a double zone of beta-hemolysis and myonecrosis?
Clostridia
119
Which organism is the 3rd most common source of food poisoning in the US and UK?
C. perfringens
120
Which organism(s) are associated with tetanus shots?
C. tetani
121
Which organism(s) are associated with Guillen- Barre syndrome?
Campylobacter
122
Nisseria meningitidis is positive for what CTA sugars?
Maltose and Glucose
123
Nisseria gonorrheae is positive for what CTA sugars?
Glucose
124
Campylobacter gram stain morphology
curved or spiral gram-negative bacilli
125
Most common campylobacter implicated in human illness?
C. jejuni
126
Selective media for Campylobacter jejuni or coli.
Modified Skirrow, Campy-blood agar, CCDA, Campy-CVA
127
How does a C. jejuni infection manifest?
diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, headache, muscle pain
128
Sources of campylobacter
chicken, unpasteurized milk, surface water and streams
129
H. pylori causes what disorders?
gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric carcinoma
130
What temperature is ideal for Acrobacter growth?
25C
131
What does Acrobacter cause?
gastroenteritis, persistent watery diarrhea
132
What are common sources of Acrobacter
pigs, humans, water
133
X factor is ________?
hemin
134
What are the best specimens for anaerobe identification and culture?
tissues and needle aspirates in transport media
135
What are the 4 ANA (anaerobic) blood media?
Schaedlers, Bruella, CDC, BHI
136
What are the nonselective media for anaerobes?
ANA blood, thioglycollate broth, chopped meat
137
What are the selective media for anaerobes?
LKV, ANA-PEA, BBE, CCFA
138
Which bacteria causes gas gangrene?
C. perfringens
139
Which organism exhibits a charactersitic swarming, spores, and "drumstick" or "tennis racket" shape?
C. tetani
140
What are the most reliable identification tests for anaerobes?
gas-liquid chromatograph, PRAS biochemicals
141
N. meningitidis and gonorrheae normally grow poorly on this media?
BAP
142
What diseases do encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae cause in unvaccinated children?
meningitis, epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis), cellulitis
143
Campylobacter growth requirements?
42C, 3-5% O2, 2-10% CO2
144
Campylobacter oxidase and catalase tests?
Positive
145
Anaerobic bacteria to aerobic bacteria ratio?
1000:01:00
146
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Head/neck aspirates
Optimal
147
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Deep bronchial secretions
Optimal
148
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Joint fluid
Optimal
149
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Bile
Optimal
150
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Blood
Optimal
151
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Endometrium, bladder urine, or tissue biopsy
Optimal
152
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? throat, gastric, bowel, vaginal, or cervical swabs
Inappropriate
153
Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Voided urine or feces
Inappropriate
154
Name the 3 major sites of normal anaerobic colonization.
Oral, intestinal, and genital
155
Name 3 main sources of anaerobic infection.
nosocomial, surgical, trauma
156
Name 4 predisposing factors for anaerobic infections.
burns, malignancy, diabetes, aspiration
157
Gram-positive or gram-negative? Actinomyces
gram-pos
158
Gram-positive or gram-negative? bifidobacterium
gram-pos
159
Gram-positive or gram-negative? Proprionibacterium
gram-pos
160
Gram-positive or gram-negative? Bacteriodes
gram-neg
161
Gram-positive or gram-negative? Fusobacterium
gram-neg
162
Factor V is ________?
NAD+
