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A&P II Martin > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How does digestion maintain homeostasis

A

Turns food into energy in forms the body can use
Absorbs water, vitamins, minerals
Eliminates wastes from the body

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2
Q

What is our only source of chemical energy

A

Food

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3
Q

Function of digestion

A

Break down food into molecules small enouogh to enter cells

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4
Q

Study of stomach and intestines

A

Gastroenterology

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5
Q

Study of the rectum

A

Proctology

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6
Q

Other name for GI tract

A

Alimentary canal

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7
Q

What does the alimentary canal travel through

A

From mouth to anus through the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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8
Q

Parts of the GI tract

A

Mouth, most of pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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9
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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10
Q

Six basic processes of digestion

A 
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion
Absorption 
Defecation
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11
Q

Layers of GI

A

Serosa or adventitia
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa

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12
Q

Where isn’t the serosa found

A

Esophagus

Proximal portion of duodenum

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13
Q

Other term for serosa

A

Visceral peritoneum

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14
Q

Adventitia is composed of

A

Single layer of connective tissue for the esophagus and proximal duodenum

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15
Q

What digestive muscles are voluntary

A

Skeletal muscle
Mouth, pharynx, superior aspect of esophagus
Also in external anal sphincter, permits voluntary control of defecation

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16
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus

A

Muscularis

Also known as plexus of Auerbach

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17
Q

Areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to muscularis

A

Submucosa

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18
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus

A

Submucosa

Also known as plexus of Meissner

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19
Q

Three layers of GI mucosa

A

Muscularis mucosae
Lamina propria
Epithelium

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20
Q

Thin layer of smooth muscle
Causes the mucous membrane of small intestine and stomach to have folded appearance
Increase surface are for digestion/absorption
Movement of layer ensures absorptive cells are exposed to contents of GI tract

A

Muscularis mucosae (outer layer)

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21
Q

Areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph
Supports epithelium and binds to muscularis mucosae
Contains MALT

A

Lamina propria

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22
Q

Replaced every 5-7days
Nonkeratinized in where penis can go - protection
Simple columnar found in stomach and intestine - secretion/absorption
Exocrine - secret mucous fluid
Enteroendocrine - secrete hormones

A

Epithelium of GI

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23
Q

What innervates the gut

A

Intrinsic nervees (enteric nervous system) and extrinisc nervees (autonomic nervous system)

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24
Q

Two plexuses of enteric nervous system

A

Myenteric (aurbach)

Submucosal (meissner)

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25
Q

Supplies motor impulses to longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
Controls majority of GI motility

A

Myenteric (auerbach) plexus

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26
Q

Motor neurons supply secretory cells of the mucosal epithelium
Controls secretion

A

Submucosal (meissner) plexus

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27
Q

Connect the myenteric and submucosal plexuses

A

Interneurons

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28
Q

Helps regulate enteric nervous system
Vagus nerve supply parasympathetic fibers
Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves increase GI secretion and motility

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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29
Q

Exception to vagus nerve stimulation in GI

A

Last 1/2 of large intestine is supplied by parasympathetic fibers from sacral spine

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30
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation of GI

A

Decrease in secretion and motility

Don’t have to poo in front of the raper

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31
Q

Largest serous membrane in the body

A

Peritoneum

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32
Q

Divisions of the peritoneum

A

Parietal and visceral

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33
Q

What type of tissue makes the peritoneum

A

A layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) with underlying layer of areolar connectiv

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34
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Space between two layers of peritoneum containing serous fluid

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35
Q

Organs covered anteriorly by pertioneum

A

Organs in retroperitoneum

Kidney
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Duodenum
Pancreas
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36
Q

Five major folds of peritoneum

A 
Greater omentum
Falciform ligament
Lesser omentum
Mesentery
Mesocolon
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37
Q

Largest peritoneal fold
Drapes over transverse colon and small intestine
Contains lots of adipose
Many lymph nodes

A

Greater omentum

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38
Q

Where does the greater omentum attach

A

Portions of stomach and duodenum extending downward anterior to small intestines folds and extends upwards to attach to transverse colon

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39
Q

Peritoneal fold that attaches the liver to the anterior surface of the abdominal wall

A

Falciform ligament

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40
Q

Free border of this ligament contains the ligamentum teres (round ligament, umbilical vein)

A

Falciform ligament

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41
Q

What is the only digestive organ attached to anterior abdominal wall

A

Liver

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42
Q

Arises as anterior fold in the serosa of the stomach and distal duodenum
Pathway for blood vessels entering liver
Contains portal vein, common hepatic artery, common bile duct and some lymph nodes

A

Lesser omentum

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43
Q

What suspends the stomach and distal duodenum from the liver

A

Lesser omentum

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44
Q

Fan shaped fold
Binds jejunum and ileum of small intestine to posterior peritoneal wall
Large fold, adding abdominal girth

A

Mesentery

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45
Q

Where is the mesentery

A

Extends from posterior peritoneal wall, wraps around small intestine returns to origin

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46
Q

Two seperate folds that bind portions of large intestine to posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesocolon

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47
Q

What attaches to the mesocolon

A

Transverse colon and sigmoid colon

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48
Q

Function of mesocolon

A

Carries blood and lymph vessels to intestine

Aids the mesentery to hold small intestines loosely in place

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49
Q

Parts of oral and buccal cavity

A

Cheeks
Hard and soft palates
Tongue

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50
Q

Attaches inner surface of each lip to gum

A

Mucous membrane called labial frenulum

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51
Q

What muscles keep food in mouth while chewing

A

Orbicularis oris and buccinator

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52
Q

Oral space completely bound by cheeks lips gums and buccal side of teeth

A

Oral vestibule

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53
Q

Space that extends from lingual side of teeth back to the fauces

A

Oral cavity proper

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54
Q

Forms the roof of the mouth
Wall or septum that separates the oral cavity from nasal cavity
Allows us to chew and breathe at the same time

A

Palate

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55
Q

Anterior portion of roof of mouth
Formed by palatine and maxillae bones
Covered by mucous membrane

A

Hard palate

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56
Q

Posterior portion of roof of mouth

Arch shaped muscular partition between oropharynx and nasopharynx line with mucous membrane

A

Soft palate

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57
Q

Hangs from free border of soft palate

Conical muscular process

A

Uvula

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58
Q

What happens during swallowing

A

Soft palate and uvula drawn superiorly

Closes nasopharyx

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59
Q

Two muscular folds of uvula

A

Palatoglossal arch - anterior

Palatopharyngeal arch - posterior

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60
Q

Small masses of lymphatic tissue that produce antibodies

A

Tonsils

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61
Q

Name the tonsils

A

Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal

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62
Q

What increases in the mouth when food is consumed

A

Saliva

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63
Q

Function of saliva

A

Lubricate, dissolve, and chemically break down food

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64
Q

Types of salivary glands

A

Minor, major

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65
Q

Minor salivary glands are where and what

A 
Lips, cheeks, palate, tongue
Labial
Buccal
Palatal
Lingual
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66
Q

What are the major saliva glands

A

Parotids
Submandibular
Sublingual

Secrete most of the saliva

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67
Q

Located inferior and anterior to the ears between skin and masseter
Secrete saliva into oral cavity via duct

A

Parotid

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68
Q

Stenson’s duct is

A

Parotid duct, pierces the buccinator muscle to open into oral vestibule opposite the second maxillary molar

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69
Q

Found on the floor of the mouth, medial and partly inferior to the mandible bone
Submandibullar ducts open on either side of the lingal frenulum in the oral cavity proper

A

Submandibular glands

70
Q

Wharton’s ducts are

A

Submandibullar glands

71
Q

Found beneath the tongue and just superior to the submandibular glands
Their ducts open into the floor of the mouth in the oral cavity proper

A

Sublingual glands

72
Q

Chemical compound of saliva

A

99.5 water .5 solute

73
Q

What do parotid glands secrete

A

Serous liquid containing salivary amylase

74
Q

What do submandibular glands secrete

A

Serous fluid, salivary amylase, and mucous glands

75
Q

What do sublingual glands secrete

A

Thick fluid containing a small amount of salivary amylase

76
Q

Purpose of water in saliva

A

Medium for dissolving foods, allows digestion reactions to begin

77
Q

Purpose of Chloride ions in saliva

A

Activate salivary amylase, breaking down starches into maltose, maltotriose and a-dextrin

78
Q

Ph of saliva

A

6.3-6.85 acidic

79
Q

What wastes are secreted through saliva

A

Urea and uric acid

80
Q

Function of mucous in saliva

A

Lubricates it so it can be moved around in mouth, formed into ball, and swallowed

81
Q

What controlls salivation

A

Autonomic nervous system

82
Q

Xerostomia?

A

Dry mouth due to sympathetic stimulation

83
Q

Two salivary nuclei

A

Superior and inferior

84
Q

Two nerves involved in parasympathetic impulses

A

Facial and glossopharyngeal

85
Q

Salivas purpose after eating

A

Washes, dilutes and buffers

86
Q

What is the attachment of the tongue

A

Inferiorly to hyoid, styloid process, mandible

87
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Styloglossus

88
Q

Fold of mucous membrane in the midline of the ventral aspect

A

Lingual frenulum

89
Q

Lingual glands (von ebners) secrete

A

Mucous and watery serous fluid containing lingual lipase

90
Q

Acts on dietary triglycerides

A

Lingual lipase, not activated until in the stomach

91
Q

Nipple shaped projections of the lamina propria covered with stratified squamous epithelium

A

Papillae

92
Q

Function of papillae

A

Taste buds, receptors for gustation or taste

93
Q

Approximately 12 form an inverted V shaped row at the back of the tongue
Contain 100-300 taste buds

A

Vallate

94
Q

Mushroom shaped elevations scatter over entire tongue

5 taste buds

A

Fungiform

95
Q

Located in small trenches on lateral margins of tongue

Most taste buds gone after childhood

A

Foliate

96
Q

Pointed, threadlike, found on entire surface of tongue

No taste buds

A

Filiform

97
Q

A soft, flexible, easily swallowed mass

A

Bolus

98
Q

Two enzymes involved in chemical digestion in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase

Lingual lipase

99
Q

Initiates breakdown of triglycerides

A

Lingual lipase

100
Q

Initiates breakdown of starches

A

Salivary amylase

101
Q

Funnel shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the esophagus posteriorly and to the larynx anteriorly

A

Pharynx

102
Q

Three parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypo/laryngopharynx

103
Q

Collapsible muscular tube that lies posterior to trachea

A

Esophagus

104
Q

Where does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm

A

Esophageal hiatus

105
Q

Three layers of the esophagus

A

Adventitia
Muscularis
Submucosa

106
Q

Two sphincters of esophagus

A

Upper esophageal

Lower esophageal

107
Q

What two things does the esophagus NOT do

A

Produce digestive enzymes or particpate in reabsorption

108
Q

Act of swallowing

A

Deglutition

109
Q

Three stages of swalloing

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

110
Q

Bolus stimulates receptors here which send impulses to deglutition center in the medulla oblongata and lower pons of brain stem

A

Pharyngeal stage

111
Q

What closes during the pharyngeal phase

A

Soft palate and uvula block nasopharynx

Epiglottis closes larynx

112
Q

Progression of coordinated contractions and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis

A

Peristalsis

113
Q

Large folds

A

Rugae

114
Q

What is the most distensible portion of the GI

A

Stomach

115
Q

What happens to food in the stomach

A

Starches and triglycerides continue to break down
Proteins begin digestion
Semisolid bolus converted to liquid
Certain substances absorbed

116
Q

Four main regions of stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part

117
Q

Surrounds the superior opening of the stomach

A

Cardia

118
Q

Rounded portion superior and left of the cardia

A

Fundus

119
Q

Inferior to the fundus, large central part

A

Body

120
Q

Three parts of the pyloric part of stomach

A

Pyloric antrum
Pyloric canal
Pylorus

121
Q

Pyloric antrum

A

Connects to the body of the stomach

122
Q

Pyloric canal

A

Leads to the third region of pyloric part

123
Q

Pylorus

A

Connects to the duodenum via pyloric sphincter

124
Q

Four layers of stomach

A

Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa

125
Q

What does the mucosa of the stomach contain

A

Gastric glands/pits
Specialized exocrine gland
Enteroendocrine cell type

126
Q

Greater curvature of stomach serosa continues as what

A

Greater omentum

127
Q

Lesser curvature of stomach serosa projects up toward liver as

A

Lesser omentum

128
Q

Three layers of. Muscularis

A

Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner oblique

129
Q

Three types of exocrine glands in the mucosa of stomach

A

Mucous neck cells
Chief
Parietal

130
Q

Function of mucous/neck cells

A

Secrete mucous

131
Q

Purpose of chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

132
Q

Function of parietal cells

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

133
Q

Function of intrinsic factor

A

Aid in absorption of B12 and cyanobalamin

134
Q

What are G cells

A

Gastric glands found only in pyloric antrum and secrete gastrin into bloodstream

135
Q

Macronutrients?

A

Carbs, protein, lipidds

136
Q

Micronutrients

A

Vitamins minerals essential fatty acids amino acids

137
Q

Mixing waves?

A

Peristaltic waves in the stomach occuring every 15-20 seconds

138
Q

Substance formed in the stomach is called

A

Chyme

139
Q

Approximately 3mL of chyme is ejected into the duodenum each wave

A

Gastric emptying

140
Q

Cells integral for hydrochloric acid secretion

A

Parietal cells

141
Q

Actively transports a H+ into lumen while bringing a K+ into the cell

A

Proton pumps

142
Q

Function of carbonic anhydrase

A

Catalyzes formation of carbonic acid from waater and carbon dioxide

143
Q

What happens to bicar made from the disassociation of carbonic acid

A

Enters the bloodstream

144
Q

Methods of stimulation of hydrochloric acid

A

Acetylcholine
Gastrin
Histamine

145
Q

Where are the receptros for gastrin, acetylcholine, and histamine

A

Plasma membranes of parietal cells

146
Q

The only proteolytic enzyme in the stomach

A

Pepsin

147
Q

What is the inactive form of pepsin

A

Pepsinogen, made in chief cells

148
Q

What activates pepsinogen

A

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach or active pepsin molecules

149
Q

What protects stomach epithelial cells

A

1-3mm thick layer of alkaline mucous

150
Q

What pH does gastric lipase function in

A

5-6

151
Q

What’s absorbed in the stomach

A

Water, ions, short chain fatty acids, and some drugs

152
Q

Other name of pancreatic duct

A

Duct of wirsung

153
Q

Joins common bile duct from liver and gallbladder then enters duodenum as the HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA (ampulla of Vater)

A

Pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung)

154
Q

Where does the ampulla of Vater open

A

Approx 4in inferior to pyloric sphincter

155
Q

What regulates the ampulla of Vater

A

Mass of smooth muscle surrounding sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi)

156
Q

Acceessory duct of pancreas also known as

A

Duct of santorini

157
Q

Where does the duct of santorini empty

A

Duodenum, approx 1 in superior to the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater

158
Q

What are Acini

A

Exocrine portion of pancreatic glands

159
Q

What do acini cluster cells secrete

A

Pancreatic juice

160
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

Islets of Laangerhans

161
Q

What does the pancreas secrete

A

Sodium bicarb, salt, water, enzymees

162
Q

Function of pancreatic sodium bicarb

A

Creates proper pH for the action of digestive enzymes in small intestine

163
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Starch digestion

164
Q

Trypsin

A

Protein digestion

165
Q

Chymotrypsin

A

Protein digestions

166
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

Protein digestion

167
Q

Elastase

A

Protein digestion

168
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Principle triglyceride digestion

169
Q

Ribonuclease

A

Digests RNA

170
Q

Deoxyribonuclease

A

Digests DNA

171
Q

What divides the liver

A

Falciform ligament

A&P II Martin (1 decks)

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