Test 4

Question 1

What is a Vocal Vibrator?

Answer 1

An air-stream sound generator that periodically releases and closes off air ascending from the lungs

Question 2

What is a Resonant Voice?

Answer 2

“any voice production that is easy to produce and vibrant in facial tissues” (Verdolini, Marston, Burke, et al)

Question 3

What is Resonance?

Answer 3

“a condition that exists between the source of energy and the configuration of the medium such that the energy of some frequencies will be kept ‘alive’” (Story, 1999)

Question 4

What are Formants?

Answer 4

Potential space/resonances of the vocal tract

Question 5

What are Harmonics?

Answer 5

Multiples of the Fundamental Frequency

Question 6

What are Partials?

Answer 6

ALL sine waves that make up a complex tone (harmonic and inharmonic)

Question 7

What are Overtones?

Answer 7

ALL the sine waves EXCEPT the fundamental (harmonic and inharmonic)

Question 8

What is the Overtone Series?

Answer 8

Fund, octave, 5th, octave, 3rd, 5th, flat-7, octave, 2nd, 3rd, sharp-4, 5th

Question 9

What is VoceVista?

Answer 9

1. Realtime Spectrum Analysis
   
   • Spectrogram
   • Powerspectrum
   • High Time Resolution Waveforms
2. Electroglottalgraph

Question 10

Know how to label a VoceVista graph!

Answer 10

Waveform envelope- total intensity (top left)
Spectrogram- intensity measure by color (bottom left)
(Power)Spectrum- measures frequency and intensity (right)

Question 11

What are the caveats of VoceVista?

Answer 11

1. It is a tool (use like a mirror)
2. Provides visual confirmation of a successful resonance strategy
3. Can’t replace eyes and ears of voice teacher (but can help train younger teachers)

Question 12

What is Maximum flow declanation rate?

Answer 12

The max. speed at which flow get cut off (how fast glottal closure is) (more closure, louder)

Question 13

What is the Source Spectrum? (sound at the source)

Answer 13

Rate of harmonic intensity decreases as frequency increases

• 18 dB lower between first octave (in whisper)
• 12 dB lower between first octave (in normal speech)
• 6 dB lower between first octave (in singing)

*The Fundamental is the strongest

Question 14

What is the Filtered Spectrum? (sound when filtered in VT)

Answer 14

• Shaping of the vocal tract to “like” certain frequencies
• Combination of Source + Filtered= Output
• Different harmonics are stronger than fundamental

Question 15

What Frequency determines timbre?

Answer 15

The Fundamental Frequency

Question 16

Formants vary depending on what?

Answer 16

Size and shape of the vocal tract

Question 17

Which formants determine vowels?

Answer 17

F1 and F2 (vowel formants) (aka lowest formants)

Question 18

What is the Singers Formant Cluster?

Answer 18

F3, F4, F5

Question 19

Who relies on formants the most?

Answer 19

Men (they have more harmonics to work with too)

Question 20

Inherent Pitches need to be…

Answer 20

1. Acoustically Sensitive to Harmonics produced at the VF level
2. Modified to become more acoustically sensitive

Question 21

What are the natural harmonics tendencies of [a], [i], and [u]?

Answer 21

a- 800, 1200 Hz
i- 300, 2200 Hz
u- 350, 800 Hz

Question 22

What are the General Rules of Vowel Modification?

Answer 22

Increase of Vocal Tract, all formant frequencies decrease

Decrease of Vocal Tract, all formant frequencies increase

Question 23

With Mouth Constriction, which Formants rise?

Answer 23

Mouth constriction- Lowers F1, raises F2

Question 24

With Pharyngeal Constriction, which Formants rise?

Answer 24

Pharyngeal constriction- Raises F1, lowers F2