test 4 Flashcards
Test for Chapter 20, 19, 13, 18,
a process through which proud owners of social behavior,social relationships, social institutions and systems of stratification are altered over time
Social change
social changes Universal put variable
Social change is intentional but also unplanned
social change brings controversy
social change has variable consequences
principles of social change
physical environment Cultural innovation technology population Humana action
sources of social change
rivers
mountains
Normal resources (oil, coal, Diamond,)
natural disasters ( earthquake hurricanes tornadoes in tsunami)
physical environment:
: uncovering something in the environment that was always there but not know.
The rate of invention is the rate of proportional at rate of discovery
culture innovation: discovery
combining existing known elements in the environment something new
stuff that already exists but if combined to make new
cultural innovation: invention
: when unrelated events occur together from which a new idea emerges
Apple falling from the tree which lead the discover of gravity.
culural innovation: accidental juxtaposition
: involves cultural borrowing where that which is borrowed is modified to fit into the receiving culture
Ex. most prolific form of social change technology is a most dramatic
cultural innovation: diffusion
also tangible aspects in society
technology: material culture
so norms, values, beliefs, laws, and tradition that help guide to society
technology: non-material culture
the time it takes off for the society to it on to state of equilibrium following the introduction of a new item on the materials side
technology:Culture-lag time
this state and what’s a society is no longer in control of changes taking place in the society. technology becomes the master in the society becomes to slave
technology: technological determinism
the scientific study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population.
population: demography
food supplies grow arithmetically, while population grows geometrically.
population theories: Malthusian Theory
population growth occurs in three distinct stages
high birth rates, high death rates
high birth rates, low death rates
low birth rates, low death rates
Population theories: demographic transition theory
fertility
birth rate
mortality
death rate
also called rate of reproductive change
birth rate - death rate=natural increase
the potential for childbirth
fecundity
movement within the country
internal migration
incoming population
in-migration
outgoing population
out-migration
in - out (a - b = c)
net migration
movement from outside the country
immigration
dynamic that results when individuals from diverse backgrounds, races, and cultures come together to live in a given geographic area.
population mix
individual is motivated to move because he is dissatisfied with current situation.
theory: push
although not unhappy with current situation, the individual is pulled by strong forces to move.
theory: pull
individuals will move to where others like themselves are thus creation Ethnic Enclaves
theory: support system
The process whereby individuals from rural areas move into an urban area
Urbanization
a central city that has several cities connected to it (Fort Lauderdale)
metropolitan area (metropolis)
several metropolitan areas connected to each other (Miami Dade, Fort Lauderdale, Palm Beach)
Megalopolis
relocation from inner city to the suburbs
Urbanization Issues: concentric zone theory
renovation of run-down parts of the city. (legal)
Urbanization Issues: gentrification
illegal practice whereby parts of the city are allowed to deterioration and then redeveloped.
Urbanization Issues: redlining
authorized power to take private property for public use
Urbanization Issues: eminent domain
mass exodus of one group because members of another move into their area to live
Urbanization Issues: white flight
social changes that are brought about by the efforts of a single individual. (usually someone with a charismatic personality - Nelson Mandela, Dr. King, JFK, Lady Di, Mother Theresa, Hitler.
individual behavior
a large group of people engaging in non-routine behavior and responding to a common stimulus.
collective Behavior
a large group of people in one location engaging in collective behavior
crowd
several large groups in different locations engaging in collective behavior
mass
individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption
key function
regulates sexual behavior
provides for care & nurturing of infants
serves as primary agent of socialization
acts as a means of social control
confers status on its members
the family
mother, father, and children in one household
Family structure: Nuclear family
marrying someone from one’s own groups
creating a family: endogamy
marrying outside one’s group
creating a family: exogamy
marrying within one;s social class
creating a family: Homogamy
family one was raised in
Types: family of orientation
one spouse at a time
marital arrangements: Monogamy
several spouses at the same time
marital arrangements: Polygamy
males having multiple spouses at the same time
marital arrangements: Polygymy
females having multiple spouses at the same time
marital arrangements: polyandry
multiple remarriages
marital arrangements: serial monogamy
single-parent families
same sex marriages
Cohabitation- living together without being married
the future
process by which a society transmit knowledge, skills, values, & norms from one generation to the next
Education
socialization
preparation for workforce
acquisition of wealth
social development
Education key functions
requiring higher levels of education to gt the same job
Credential-ism
number of years of schooling one has completed
educational attainment
the ability to read, write, & do computations
educational achievement
showing up for school but not learning the required skills to complete a grade
seat time
promoted to next grade because of age
social promotion
students placed in on a particular educational pathway academic or vocational
Tracking
living up to the expectation of significant others
self-filling prophecy
teaching the cultures of different racial/ethnic groups
multicultural education
answers questions of human existence
religion
theism
the believe in supreme being/s
worship of one God
monotheism
worship of many Gods
Polytheism
every day things of life
profane (secular)
that which is set aside for worship
sacred
a practice that was once sacred is now secular
secularization
religious group that is not regraded as an established religion
cult
people and organizations that formulate and implement public policy
Government
maintain law and order
prevents chaos
provides for orderly settlement of disputes
protects citizens from foreign powers
provides needed public services (infrastructure)
government key functions
the ability to get one’s way
power
legitimate power
authority
one person rule
dictatorship
gov. for and by the people
democracy
political action committees (pacs)
interest groups
individuals hired to influence politicians on behalf of interests group
lobbyists
responsible for the production, distributions, and consumption of goods and services
Economic
private ownership vs. public; ownership (market economy, supply & demand.)
capitalism
public ownership vs. private ownership
socialism
Doing research just to obtain knowledge
Science and technology: pure research
Doing research to apply the knowledge - results in technology
Science and technology: Applied research
Maintenance of health
Prevention
Treatment of illness
Cure
Integrative medicine
Holistic
Extension of life
Health and medicine
Machine/technology have become more important than the patients
Hypertrophy
Individual is made sicker by going to the hospital
Logenesis
several generations living in one household
Family structure: Extended family
family created upon marriage
Types: family of procreation
