Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life-121 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Tropical forest

A

High temp/precip.
none
logging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Temperate grasslands

A

Wide range of temp., rather low precip
Fire is a large component (stops trees)
Farming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Savanna

A

Warmer tropical grasslands, seasonal rain
Fire is a large component (stops forest)
Ranching, farming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Chaparral

A

Mid temp., seasonal rain
Fire is a large component
coastal grassland
farm land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Desert

A

Normally high temp but can be cool, very low precip
none
urbanization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Temperate broadleaf forest

A

Broad precip (similar to coniferous), and temp (greater than coniferous) range
None
logging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Northern coniferous forest

A 
Broad precip (simlar to broadleaf), and temp (less than broadleaf)
Fire is important for germination
least impacted, maybe logging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: tundra

A

Low precip, very cold temp
none
oil and mineral extraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 major catagories of interaction between organisms and the environment that limits species distribution

A

Dispersal limited
biotic factors
abiotic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 things that affect dispersal

A

can’t get to a region
transplantation
introduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 things that affect biotic factors

A

competion
predation
pollinator
host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5 things that affect abiotic factors

A 
temperature
water and oxygen (less oxygen in deep water)
salinity
sunlight
rocks and soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in per capita rate of change, r =

A

b - m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Exponential growth rate formula

A

dN/dt = rmaxN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Exponential growth rate model graph

A

population size/time, J shaped curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Exponential growth rate model states

A

population growth in which organisms population size has no effect on growth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When does the exponential growth rate model exist

A

when there are unlimited resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

maximum sustanable population size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Carrying capacity is influenced by

A 
Energy
shelter
refuge
nutrients
water
nesting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Logistic growth model formula

A

dN/dt = rmaxN((K-N)/K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Logistic growth model: per capita rate of increase

A

dN/dt = rmax((K-N)/K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the logistic growth model cause

A

decrease in growth rate as population size approaces carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Logixtic growth rate model graph

A

population size / time, s shape curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Not captured by logistic model

A

delay in population response to overshooting carrying capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The logistic model expects this

A

the population will gradually approach carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Assumptions and Consequence of the logistic model

A

assumes K does not change

instantaneous adjustments to growth rate occur as a population reaches carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is life history (4)

A

age at first reproduction
how often reproduction occurs
how many offspring
survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Life history graph

A

reproduction / survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Life history trade offs

A

Many offspring and high mortality

few offspring and low mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

R-selected

A

many low quality and low parental care, far from carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

K-selected

A

few high quality and high parental care, close to carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mechanisms of density dependence (depends on own population)

A 
Toxic wastes
Territoriallty
intrinsic factors (physiological response)
Competition for resources
Disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mechanisms of density dependence (depends on other populations)

A

Competition for resources
Predation
Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Graph of density dependence

A

Per capita growth rate / population density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Negative density dependence slope =

A

negative density dependent trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

0 density dependence slope =

A

density independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Positive density dependence slope =

A

positive density dependent trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Meta population terms (3)

A

immigration / emigration

Viable patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Types of viable patches (2)

A

Occupied and unoccupied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Viable patches means

A

areas that a species is capable of inhabiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How to think about pairwise interactions

A

effect of increasing species A on species B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Types of pairwise interactions (5)

A 
competition (-/-)
Predation (+/-)
Herbivory (+/-)
Sympiosis (varies)
facilitation (+/+ or 0/+)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Types of symbiosis (3)

A

Parasitisim (+/-)
Mutualism (+/+)
Commensalism (+/0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

one species dominates the other for one resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Ecological niche

A

set of abiotic and biotic conditions/resources

different niches avoid competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

fundamental niche

A

possible set of conditions a speices could inhabit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

realized niche

A

actual set of conditions given natural system and all factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Resource partitioning (2)

A

different niche use by similar species

can be a consequence of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Character displacement (3)

A

closely related species
morphological differences when sympatric
leads to resource partitioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Resource partitioning occurs in character displacement by

A

displacing morphological character when sympatric (together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

blends into backround (camoflauge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

sticks out of backround, generally toxic for predators

53
Q

Two types of mimicry

A

Mullerian

Batesian

54
Q

Mullerian mimicry (2)

A

Similar cues for 2 toxic pray

reinforce eachother

55
Q

batesian mimicry

A

Organism looks toxic but isn’t

56
Q

Two things the shannon diversity index looks at

A

Species richness and eveness

57
Q

Diversity includes these two things

A 
Species richness(# of different species)
Relative abundance (fraction of individuals per species)
58
Q

Community ecology terms 3

A

diversity
productivity
stability

59
Q

Community ecology: productivity

A

generatino of new biomass

60
Q

community ecology: stability

A

similar relative abundance over time

61
Q

Primary producers (2)

A

land=plants

aquatic = plants and phytoplankton

62
Q

primary consumers (2)

A 
land = herbivores
aquatic = zooplankton
63
Q

Secondary/tertiary/quaternary consumers

A

carnivores

64
Q

Dominant speces (2)

A

most numberous relative abundance

best resource competitors and/or best at avoiding predators/disease

65
Q

Kestone species (2)

A

Not dominate

critcal to mantining other species

66
Q

Ecosystem engineers

A

alter physical environment affecting other species

67
Q

What happens in top-down controsl

A

Trophic cascade

decrease predator has alternating affect on lower trophic levels

68
Q

What happens in bottom-up controls (2)

A

increase base nutrient sees increase at all levels

decrease in predators has no affect on lower levels

69
Q

What is the old view of community ecology

A

balance of nature

70
Q

Fredric clements (2)

A

climax community determined by climate

tightly integrated community

71
Q

Tansely

A

Micro climate leads to multiple communites in an area

72
Q

Gleason

A

Chance and disturbance affect communites

73
Q

Current view of community ecology

A

Nonequalibruim codel

74
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

just the right amout of disturbance is needed to have maximum diversity

75
Q

Disturbance on the small scale

A

creates patches in landscape

76
Q

disturbance on the large scale (2)

A

Some species dependent on disturbance

big impact on the landscape

77
Q

Weakness of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

few ecosystems follow the curve laid out by the hypothesis

some biomes require large scale disturbance to thrive

78
Q

Ecological succession (2)

A

Primary succession

Secondary succession

79
Q

Primary succession

A

when start with no soil, just rock

80
Q

Secondary succession

A

when start with intact soil

81
Q

Three things that affect the order of succession

A

facilitation
inhibition
tolerance

82
Q

facilitation

A

One organisms helps another thrive

83
Q

inhibition

A

one organism suppresses another

84
Q

tolerance

A

one organism is indifferent to the presence of another

85
Q

This is essential to the nonequalibrium view

A

disturbances

86
Q

Energy does this in a system

A

Flows through

87
Q

chemicals do this in a system

A

cycle

88
Q

energy flows out of a system as

A

heat

89
Q

can mass be lost from a particular system

A

yes, source or sink

90
Q

Detritus

A

dead material that enters the detritus food web

91
Q

detritavores

A

organisms that eat/decompose dead material

92
Q

GPP

A

Gross primary product

93
Q

GPP is

A

The total amount of production by primary producers

94
Q

NPP

A

Net primary product

95
Q

NPP is

A

The amount of production by primary producers after their own respiration
The energy available for consumers in the ecosystem
NPP = GPP - Ra

96
Q

NEP

A

Net ecosystem production

97
Q

NEP is

A

The amount of production by the primarry producers after the respiration of all the organisms
NEP = GPP - Rt

98
Q

NEP is equal to

A

the total biomass accumulation

carbon gain or loss

99
Q

Energy/area/time =

A

biomass/area/time

100
Q

NEP is this type of biomass

A

new biomass

101
Q

NPP is typically this of GPP

A

50%

102
Q

Most productive biomes (3)

A

tropical forests,
estuaries,
coral reefs

103
Q

Least productive biome

A

Open ocean

104
Q

Largest contributing biomes to global NPP

A

Tropical forest

open ocean

105
Q

Limiting factros of NPP in aquatic systems

A

Light

Nutrients

106
Q

Common limiting nutrients in aquatic systems

A

nitrogen
phosphorus
iron

107
Q

Fresh water systems are often limited in

A

phosphorus

108
Q

Common limiting nutrients in terrestrial systems

A

Temperature and moisture

109
Q

Terrestrial NPP highest to lowest (5)

A 
rainforest
temperate grasslands
forests
deserts
tundra
110
Q

Secondary production

A

energy eaten by consumer that is turned into new biomass

111
Q

How much of the global primary production do herbivores eat

A

1/6

112
Q

Percent breakdown of energy consumed by primary consumers

A

50% released as feces
16% secondary production
32% cellular respiration

113
Q

Production efficiency formula

A

= secondary production / assimilation

114
Q

assimilation

A

portion of consumed energy not released as feces

115
Q

What types of animals have higher production efficiency

A

ectotherms have higher production efficiency thant endotherms

116
Q

Trophic efficiency formula

A

= secondary production / prior level production

117
Q

Energy entering a system is always this

A

a pyramid of net production (10% steps)

118
Q

Turnover time formula

A

standing crop/production

119
Q

pyramid of biomass can be inverted when

A

lower levels have very fast turnover time

120
Q

Limits to decomposition

A

temp, higher temp faster decomp
moisture
nutrients

121
Q

Rainforest decomposition

A

months to years

10% nutrients in soil

122
Q

temperate forests decomposition

A

4 to 6 years

50% nutrients in soil

123
Q

Peat does this

A

slows down the decomposition rate\

creates net ecosystem production of carbon to become positive

124
Q

Aquatic decomposition

A

50 years or more

125
Q

Decomposition is a function of

A

temperature

126
Q

Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: Water cycle

A

Biotic: transpiration
abiotic: evaporation, evapotranspiration (major)
major pool: ocean
No large human impact

127
Q

Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: Carbon cyle

A

biotic: photosynthesis, respiration (major)
abiotic: burning fossil fuels
major pool: Sedimentary rocks, still a lot in other places
human impact: burning fossil fuels

128
Q

Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: Nitrogen cycle

A

biotic: nitrogen fixation (Major)
abiotic: lightening, human production
major pool: atmosphere
human impact: human production of fertilizers increases nitrogen for production

129
Q

Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: phosphorus cycle

A

biotic: decompostition
abiotic: weathering of rocks (major)
major pool: rocks
human impact: some detergents and fertilizers

Life-121 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions