Test 4 Flashcards
Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Tropical forest
High temp/precip.
none
logging
Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Temperate grasslands
Wide range of temp., rather low precip
Fire is a large component (stops trees)
Farming
Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Savanna
Warmer tropical grasslands, seasonal rain
Fire is a large component (stops forest)
Ranching, farming
Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Chaparral
Mid temp., seasonal rain
Fire is a large component
coastal grassland
farm land
Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Desert
Normally high temp but can be cool, very low precip
none
urbanization
Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Temperate broadleaf forest
Broad precip (similar to coniferous), and temp (greater than coniferous) range
None
logging
Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Northern coniferous forest
Broad precip (simlar to broadleaf), and temp (less than broadleaf) Fire is important for germination least impacted, maybe logging
Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: tundra
Low precip, very cold temp
none
oil and mineral extraction
3 major catagories of interaction between organisms and the environment that limits species distribution
Dispersal limited
biotic factors
abiotic factors
3 things that affect dispersal
can’t get to a region
transplantation
introduction
4 things that affect biotic factors
competion
predation
pollinator
host
5 things that affect abiotic factors
temperature water and oxygen (less oxygen in deep water) salinity sunlight rocks and soil
in per capita rate of change, r =
b - m
Exponential growth rate formula
dN/dt = rmaxN
Exponential growth rate model graph
population size/time, J shaped curve
Exponential growth rate model states
population growth in which organisms population size has no effect on growth rate
When does the exponential growth rate model exist
when there are unlimited resources
What is carrying capacity
maximum sustanable population size
Carrying capacity is influenced by
Energy shelter refuge nutrients water nesting
Logistic growth model formula
dN/dt = rmaxN((K-N)/K)
Logistic growth model: per capita rate of increase
dN/dt = rmax((K-N)/K)
What does the logistic growth model cause
decrease in growth rate as population size approaces carrying capacity
Logixtic growth rate model graph
population size / time, s shape curve
Not captured by logistic model
delay in population response to overshooting carrying capacity.
The logistic model expects this
the population will gradually approach carrying capacity
Assumptions and Consequence of the logistic model
assumes K does not change
instantaneous adjustments to growth rate occur as a population reaches carrying capacity
What is life history (4)
age at first reproduction
how often reproduction occurs
how many offspring
survival
Life history graph
reproduction / survival
Life history trade offs
Many offspring and high mortality
few offspring and low mortality
R-selected
many low quality and low parental care, far from carrying capacity
K-selected
few high quality and high parental care, close to carrying capacity
Mechanisms of density dependence (depends on own population)
Toxic wastes Territoriallty intrinsic factors (physiological response) Competition for resources Disease
Mechanisms of density dependence (depends on other populations)
Competition for resources
Predation
Disease
Graph of density dependence
Per capita growth rate / population density
Negative density dependence slope =
negative density dependent trait
0 density dependence slope =
density independent
Positive density dependence slope =
positive density dependent trait
Meta population terms (3)
immigration / emigration
Viable patches
Types of viable patches (2)
Occupied and unoccupied
Viable patches means
areas that a species is capable of inhabiting
How to think about pairwise interactions
effect of increasing species A on species B
Types of pairwise interactions (5)
competition (-/-) Predation (+/-) Herbivory (+/-) Sympiosis (varies) facilitation (+/+ or 0/+)
Types of symbiosis (3)
Parasitisim (+/-)
Mutualism (+/+)
Commensalism (+/0)
Competitive exclusion
one species dominates the other for one resource
Ecological niche
set of abiotic and biotic conditions/resources
different niches avoid competition
fundamental niche
possible set of conditions a speices could inhabit
realized niche
actual set of conditions given natural system and all factors
Resource partitioning (2)
different niche use by similar species
can be a consequence of natural selection
Character displacement (3)
closely related species
morphological differences when sympatric
leads to resource partitioning
Resource partitioning occurs in character displacement by
displacing morphological character when sympatric (together)
Cryptic coloration
blends into backround (camoflauge)
Aposematic coloration
sticks out of backround, generally toxic for predators
Two types of mimicry
Mullerian
Batesian
Mullerian mimicry (2)
Similar cues for 2 toxic pray
reinforce eachother
batesian mimicry
Organism looks toxic but isn’t
Two things the shannon diversity index looks at
Species richness and eveness
Diversity includes these two things
Species richness(# of different species) Relative abundance (fraction of individuals per species)
Community ecology terms 3
diversity
productivity
stability
Community ecology: productivity
generatino of new biomass
community ecology: stability
similar relative abundance over time
Primary producers (2)
land=plants
aquatic = plants and phytoplankton
primary consumers (2)
land = herbivores aquatic = zooplankton
Secondary/tertiary/quaternary consumers
carnivores
Dominant speces (2)
most numberous relative abundance
best resource competitors and/or best at avoiding predators/disease
Kestone species (2)
Not dominate
critcal to mantining other species
Ecosystem engineers
alter physical environment affecting other species
What happens in top-down controsl
Trophic cascade
decrease predator has alternating affect on lower trophic levels
What happens in bottom-up controls (2)
increase base nutrient sees increase at all levels
decrease in predators has no affect on lower levels
What is the old view of community ecology
balance of nature
Fredric clements (2)
climax community determined by climate
tightly integrated community
Tansely
Micro climate leads to multiple communites in an area
Gleason
Chance and disturbance affect communites
Current view of community ecology
Nonequalibruim codel
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
just the right amout of disturbance is needed to have maximum diversity
Disturbance on the small scale
creates patches in landscape
disturbance on the large scale (2)
Some species dependent on disturbance
big impact on the landscape
Weakness of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis
few ecosystems follow the curve laid out by the hypothesis
some biomes require large scale disturbance to thrive
Ecological succession (2)
Primary succession
Secondary succession
Primary succession
when start with no soil, just rock
Secondary succession
when start with intact soil
Three things that affect the order of succession
facilitation
inhibition
tolerance
facilitation
One organisms helps another thrive
inhibition
one organism suppresses another
tolerance
one organism is indifferent to the presence of another
This is essential to the nonequalibrium view
disturbances
Energy does this in a system
Flows through
chemicals do this in a system
cycle
energy flows out of a system as
heat
can mass be lost from a particular system
yes, source or sink
Detritus
dead material that enters the detritus food web
detritavores
organisms that eat/decompose dead material
GPP
Gross primary product
GPP is
The total amount of production by primary producers
NPP
Net primary product
NPP is
The amount of production by primary producers after their own respiration
The energy available for consumers in the ecosystem
NPP = GPP - Ra
NEP
Net ecosystem production
NEP is
The amount of production by the primarry producers after the respiration of all the organisms
NEP = GPP - Rt
NEP is equal to
the total biomass accumulation
carbon gain or loss
Energy/area/time =
biomass/area/time
NEP is this type of biomass
new biomass
NPP is typically this of GPP
50%
Most productive biomes (3)
tropical forests,
estuaries,
coral reefs
Least productive biome
Open ocean
Largest contributing biomes to global NPP
Tropical forest
open ocean
Limiting factros of NPP in aquatic systems
Light
Nutrients
Common limiting nutrients in aquatic systems
nitrogen
phosphorus
iron
Fresh water systems are often limited in
phosphorus
Common limiting nutrients in terrestrial systems
Temperature and moisture
Terrestrial NPP highest to lowest (5)
rainforest temperate grasslands forests deserts tundra
Secondary production
energy eaten by consumer that is turned into new biomass
How much of the global primary production do herbivores eat
1/6
Percent breakdown of energy consumed by primary consumers
50% released as feces
16% secondary production
32% cellular respiration
Production efficiency formula
= secondary production / assimilation
assimilation
portion of consumed energy not released as feces
What types of animals have higher production efficiency
ectotherms have higher production efficiency thant endotherms
Trophic efficiency formula
= secondary production / prior level production
Energy entering a system is always this
a pyramid of net production (10% steps)
Turnover time formula
standing crop/production
pyramid of biomass can be inverted when
lower levels have very fast turnover time
Limits to decomposition
temp, higher temp faster decomp
moisture
nutrients
Rainforest decomposition
months to years
10% nutrients in soil
temperate forests decomposition
4 to 6 years
50% nutrients in soil
Peat does this
slows down the decomposition rate\
creates net ecosystem production of carbon to become positive
Aquatic decomposition
50 years or more
Decomposition is a function of
temperature
Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: Water cycle
Biotic: transpiration
abiotic: evaporation, evapotranspiration (major)
major pool: ocean
No large human impact
Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: Carbon cyle
biotic: photosynthesis, respiration (major)
abiotic: burning fossil fuels
major pool: Sedimentary rocks, still a lot in other places
human impact: burning fossil fuels
Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: Nitrogen cycle
biotic: nitrogen fixation (Major)
abiotic: lightening, human production
major pool: atmosphere
human impact: human production of fertilizers increases nitrogen for production
Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: phosphorus cycle
biotic: decompostition
abiotic: weathering of rocks (major)
major pool: rocks
human impact: some detergents and fertilizers
