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BioPsych > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Inter cranial Self Stimulation

A

Peter Milner and James olds

rat shocked in reward system

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2
Q

Addiction

A

the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors

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3
Q

Medial Forebrain Bundle

A

bridge of neurons that connect the VTA, limbic system, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex
where addiction happens

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4
Q

Primary neurotransmitters of addiction

A

Dopamine

Noredrenaline

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5
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

part of basil ganglia

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6
Q

Amphetamine and cocaine

A

blocks repute of dopamine and noredrenaline
block auto receptors so neuron doesn’t know when to stop pumping neurotransmitters
inhibits monoamine oxidase

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7
Q

Descending Pathway hypothesis

A

interneurons routed through medial forebrain bundle

send signal to VTM area to do it again

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8
Q

Opiates

A

Suppresses GABA interneurons which inhibit dopamine activity

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9
Q

Tolerance

A

long-term potentiation (more receptors created so need more for same response)

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10
Q

Dependence

A

to maintain neurotransmitter balance drug must be present

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11
Q

Sensitization

A

reverse of tolerance (primed by environment)

Incentive Sensitization Theory of Addiction (Priming by drug)

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12
Q

Caffeine

A 
blocks adenosine (neurotransmitter inhibitor)
increases other neurrotransmitters
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13
Q

Alcohol

A

absorbed in blood stream and cerebral spinal fluid
increases fluidity of neuron membranes (ion gates)
Higher levels cause blockage of gates

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14
Q

Nicotine

A

Poison

mimics acetylcholine

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15
Q

LSD

A

Synthetic form of ergot

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16
Q

Treatment for Drugs

A

Extinction
distancing
reinforcement of alternative behaviors
delayed reinforcement

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17
Q

Alzheimers

A

neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques

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18
Q

1st stage of alzheimers

A

gradual decline of cog function

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19
Q

2nd stage of alzheimers

A

Severe Memory loss
speech and verbal comp slower
working memory suffers

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20
Q

3rd stage of alzheimers

A

severe disorientation and confusion

no longer recognize friends and family

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21
Q

Fasaform face gyrus

A

facial recognition

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22
Q

Tangles and Plaques

A

harden around neuron and prevent nutrient and oxygen

23
Q

Cholinergic theory

A

choline acetyltransferase normally synthesizes acetylcholine

lower levels of choline and neurons die since not being used leads to imbalance and more neuron death

24
Q

Amyloid Cascade Theory

A

a person has a genetic marker that increases amyloid proteins
they build up and destroy neurons

25
Q

Genes that promote alzheimers

A

1 14 21

26
Q

Amyloid Protein Blockers

A

new form of alz prevention

27
Q

Parkinsons

A

Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
Akinesia (difficulty in initiating action)
common after 60

28
Q

Causes of Parkinsons

A

Reduction in dopamine activity in subsantia nigra (midbrain)

29
Q

Lewy Bodies

A

scists

30
Q

Chromosomes responsible for Parkinsons

A

4 6 mutations

31
Q

Treatment of Parkinsons

A

L-dopa (increases dopamines in sub niagra)
doesn’t help lewy bodies
Stem cells turned into dopaminergic cells
deep-brain stimulation through thalamus

32
Q

Huntingtons

A

Dancing disease
no voluntary control over motor functions
symptoms after child bearing years
dominant gene

33
Q

Chorea

A

twisting involuntary motro ties

34
Q

Clinical course of Huntingtons

A 
clumsiness, excess fidgeting, jerky movements
lurching and stumbling; cog deficits
rapid flailing movement in limbs
difficulty eating leads to weight loss
bedridden with paralysis and aphasia
35
Q

Causes of huntingtons

A

cortical destruction
enlarged ventricles
white and grey matter destruction
destruction of caudate nucleus and cortical white matter (control of motor movements)

36
Q

Chromosome responsible for huntingtons

A

4
near short arm
protein (htt)

37
Q

Sexual Selection

A

less predators more vibrant mating rituals and colors

38
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

discovered inheritance

39
Q

Dichotomous traits

A

categorical

40
Q

Alleles

A

same gene but different forms of gene
dominant and recessive
homozygous (two of same)/heterozygous (two different)

41
Q

Walther Flemming

A

Discovered rod like structures in cell (DNA)

42
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

discovered DNA

43
Q

Deoxyribunucleic Acid

A

DNA

synthesizes amino acids to make proteins

44
Q

Deoxyribose

A

phosphate and sugar “rails”

45
Q

Nucleotide Bases

A

Adenine and Thymine

Guanine and Cytosine

46
Q

Codons

A

nucleotide triplets (pairs) synthesize amino acids (on/off switches)

47
Q

Additions

A

extra base pairs to different

48
Q

Deletions

A

some part removed

49
Q

Substitutions

A

when replicate have to find its partner

50
Q

Mendelian diseases

A

one gene causes disease

51
Q

Multifactorial Inheritence

A

Polygenetic traits

52
Q

Stem cell-mediated gene transfer

A

blank stem cell into an environment causing known mutations create physical expression of that gene

53
Q

retrovirus-mediated gene transfer

A

viruses usually insert DNA into cells they host

modified virus to replicate DNA

54
Q

Knockout Engineering

A

genes have been removed form fertilized egg

good for mendel genes but not polygenetic

BioPsych (5 decks)

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