Test 4 Flashcards
Define personality:
unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
Define character:
value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior
Define Temperament:
enduring characteristics with which each person is born
What are four types of perspectives in personality studies?
Psychoanalytical
Behavioristic
Humanistic
Trait Perspectives
Social Cognitive theory is included in which perspective of personality study?
Behavioristic
Who is the founder of the Psychoanalytical approach?
Sigmund Freud
How many levels of personality does Freud believe we have?
3
What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?
Ego
Superego
ID
Freud’s view sees how many levels to the personality?
3
What are the three levels of personality?
Consciousness
Preconsciousness
Unconsciousness
Which level of consciousness are we unaware of its contents?
Unconscious level
The unconscious is a storehouse of what?
Repressed impulses
Drives
Conflicts unavailable to the consciousness
Why is the unconscious disguised?
to reduce anxiety
how is unconscious material revealed?
Dreams
Some certain behaviors
Slip of the tongue
What are the the different type of drive?
Eros
Libido
Thanatos
Define Eros:
drives people towards acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative
What does Freud believe all we want to do?
have sex
True/False:
Freud believes everything in life has some type of sex drive behind it.
true
Define Libido:
drives people to experience sensual pleasures
Define Thanatos:
drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors
What is another name for Thanatos?
Death Drive
What is the Id known as?
the beast within
Describe the Id?
raw
organized
primative
The Id attempts to reduce tension caused by what?
the primitive primary drive
The Id operates off of what?
pleasure principle
“If it feels good, do it.” Describes what?
Pleasure principle
The Id demands what?
Instant gratification
Define ego:
the “executive” or decision-making part of the personality
Instant gratification in the ego is________
not always possible
What does ego balance?
basic desires with the objective reality of the outside world
What does ego operate off of?
Reality principle
Define reality principle:
need to satisfy the demands of the id only in ways that will not lead to negative consequences
Superego strives for_________
perfection
Superego is made of_______
“right and wrong” as defined by society
The conscience operates when we_______
do wrong
Ego-ideal is a picture of__________
perfection
Superego operates on what?
guilt principle
Is the superego realistic?
no
Stage approach to development says childhood is___________
important
Stage approach explains what?
how expereince during a particular stage predicts personality characteristics in adulthood
Freud said personality (psyche) developed as a result of____________
sexual development
Freud’s stages of personality focus on what?
sexual gratification
Define fixation:
getting stuck to some degree in a stage of Freud’s stages of development
What are the 5 stages of Freud’s Stages of Development?
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
What age group is in the Oral stage?
12-18 months
In the oral stage what causes pleasure?
sucking
mouthing
eating
biting
What may lead to fixation during the oral stage?
Overindulgence or deprivation
What are the danger zones in the Oral stage?
feeding
pacifiers
weaning
What age group is in the anal stage?
1 or 1 1/2 to 3
Where is pleasure derived from in the anal stage?
expelling and withholding feces
What stage is it best to do toilet training?
anal
Superego develops in what stage?
anal
Slobs or over-neat people could have experienced problems at which of Freud’s stages?
anal
What age group is the Phallic stage?
3-6
Pleasure is derived from what during the Phallic stage?
fondling with the genitals
The phalic stage is a ________ _________ point of development
very important
What complex develops during the Phallic stage?
Oedipus complex
Define the Oedipus complex:
sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy of the other parent
Castration Anxiety and Penis envy occur during what stage?
Phallic
Define castration anxiety:
fear of loosing the penis
Define penis envy:
the want to have a penis
Define identification:
defense mechanism used to combat anxiety
In the Phallic stage identification is used as a result of _____
penis envy
Gender-role socialization happens in what stage?
phallic
The latency stage consist of what age group?
6-puberty
Latency stage contains no what?
interest in sexuality
Psychic energy is diverted to what during the latency stage?
education and other pursuits
What age group makes up the genital group?
adolescence-death
What type of relationships are established during this stage?
mature sexual relationships
Define defense mechanisms:
unconscious strategies to reduce neurotic anxiety
Define anxiety:
intense negative emotional experience
During anxiety the id does what?
threaten to become uncontrollable
Define denial:
refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation
Define repression:
pushing threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory
Define rationalization:
making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
Define projection;
placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belong to them
Define reaction formula:
forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts
Define displacement:
expressing feelings that would be threatning if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target
define regression:
falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful situations
Define compensation:
trying to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some areas
Define sublimation:
turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
Freud’s theory on personality is impossible to ______
disprove
Current research has found support for what 2 parts of Freud’s theory?
defense mechanisms
unconsciousness influencing conscious behaviors
Some of Freud’s theory cannot be________
scientifically researched
Neo-Freudians were:
trained by Freud, but rejected some major points
Neo-Freudians had a greater emphasis on what?
ego
Neo-Freudians had less emphasis on what?
sex
Neo-Freudians gave more attention to what?
social factors on personality development
How long does personality development go on?
the entire lifespan
Who were 5 popular Neo-Freudians?
Jung Adler Erikson Anna Freud Karen Horney
What were 3 things Jung focused on?
collective unconsciousness
archetypes
dream analysis
Define collective unconsciousness:
memories of ancient fears and themes that seem to occur in many cultures
Define archetypes:
collective, universal human memories
What were 2 things Adler focused on?
Striving for superioty
Inferiority complex
What did Erikson focus on?
Psychosocial stages of development (8 stages)
Anna Freud and Karen Horney focused on what?
social and cultural factors
Behaviorist define personality as what?
set of learned responses or habits
Define Habits:
sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic
Define social cognitive learning:
other people’s behavior and one’s own expectancies are important in development of personality
Learning approach to personality includes:
anticipating
Judging
memory
imitation of models
Cognitive learning consist of what 3 things:
locus of control
self-efficacy
Reciprocal Detrminism
Define locus of control:
tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control
Define self-efficacy
person’s expectancy of how effective their efforts to accomplish a goal will be
Define Reciprocal Determinism:
give-and-take relationship
What does the Humanistis approach to personality say?
people are basically good, and tend to grow to higher levels of functioning
What is the “third force” in the humanistic view?
focus on what makes humans unique
Abraham Maslow theorized what?
self-actualization
Define self-actualization:
striving for fullfillment
What did Carl Rogers theorize?
fully functioning person
“fully functioning person” has_________
unconditional positive regard
A “fully functioning person” is___.
in touch with their own feelings and abilities and are able to trust their innermost urges and intuitions.
Ancient philosophers believed in what and how many?
humors; 4
Define humors:
bodily fluids that control personality by their relative abundance
What are the 4 humors?
blood
black bile
Phlegm
Yellow Bile
Define temperament:
basic, inherited personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establishes the tempo and mood of an individual’s behavior
Define trait:
consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Trait theories attempt to do what?
predict future behavior by describing the characteristics that makes up a person’s personality
Define surface traits:
personality traits easily seen by others
Define source traits:
traits that underlie surface traits
Introversion is a result of what?
shynes
How are trait theories different than other theories?
they describe, but don’t explain why.
What are the “5 big traits”?
openness to experience Conscientiousness extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
What is a mnemonic to remember the big 5 traits?
OCEAN
What type of research supports the Big 5 traits?
Cross-cultural research
Define trait-situation interaction:
assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
Biological approach to personality believes what?
important components of personality are inherited
Define behavior genetics:
a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality
Biological theories of personality have ______ implications.
important
Gene studies in behavior genetics__________
yield estimates only
Nature vs. Nurture plays a big role in what theory of personality?
Biological theory
What are 4 ways to assess personality?
Interview
Projective test
Behavioral assessment
Self-Report
Define Halo effect:
first impressions has a huge impact on how people take you
Interviews consist of what?
questions
Who is more likely to use interviews?
Psychoanalysts
Humanistic Therapist
What does Projective test consist of?
looking at ink blots
Who is more likely to use projective test?
psychoanalysts
What does a behavioral assessment consist of?
watching the subjects behavior in their natural settings
Who is more likely to use behavioral assessments?
Behavioral therapist
Social Cognitive Therapist
What is a self-report?
questonaire that has only yes and no questions
Who is more likely to use a self-report?
Trait theorists
Define eclectic;
therapist that use a combination of the methods
What is the M.M.P.I.?
test honesty
shows ten different types of personality
What are 3 major terms used in the legal model of mental disorders?
Insanity
Incompetence
Commitment
What are 5 major terms used in the medical model of mental disorders?
Illness Disease Symptoms Hospital Treatment
What are three treatment types for mental disorders?
Medication
Surgery
Electroshock
Define psychological disorder:
any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
What 4 factors does psychological disorders effect?
biological
cognitive
social
behavioral
What are 5 symptoms of mental disorders?
Distress Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventional/undesirable behavior
Some people’s mental disorders may cause others what?
Discomfort due to the bizarre behavior
What are 3 major symptoms of mental disorders?
Hallucinations
Delusions
Severe Affective Disturbances
What is the most widely used system to classify abnormal behavior?
DSM System
How does the DSM system classify stuff?
by mental and behavioral symptoms
DSM system describes, but what does it not do?
does not attempt to suggest underlying causes of behavior
The DSM does what over time?
change
Define anhedonia:
inability to experience pleasure
Define anxiety disorder:
characterized by anxiety with no obvious external cause that impairs daily functioning
How many types of anxiety are there?
4
Define Phobic disorder:
intense irrational fear of specific objects or situations.
Phobic disorders are only disruptive if____
cannot be avoided
Generalization may occur in what sub-type of anxiety disorder?
Phobic
Define Panic Disorder:
characterized by panic attacks, intense anxiety, no indentifiable stimulus
Define agoraphobia:
fear of having panic attacks
Define generizalation anxiety disorder:
Long-term persistent anxiety and worry. (Free-floating)
What may result from generizalation anxiety disorder?
concentration problems
Medical Problems
Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
obsessions and compulsions that cause extreme axiety when prevented
Obsessive Compulsive Diorder behavior may look _________
extremely bizarre
Define Somatoform Disorder:
not psychosomatic illness
Psychological but takes physical form
Does somatoform disorders have medical causes?
No
Define Hypochondriasis;
constant fear of illness
proccupation with health
somatoform disorder
How hard is hypochondiras to treat?
hard
Define Conversion Disorder:
actual physical symptoms, but no physical cause
somatoform disorder
Conversion disorder is often_______
very dramatic
Conversion disorder follows what type of patterns?
unusual patterns
“La belle indiference” means what?
Beautiful in Difference
What is an example of conversion disorder?
Glove anesthesia
Define dissociative disorder:
“fragmentation” of the personality
often bizarre
Dissociative Identity Disorder is more commonly known as?
Multiple Personality Disorder
Define Dissociative Identity Disorder:
a person with more than one distinct personality
very rare
What are some of the differences in the personalities of a person with DID?
Likes
Dislikes
Memories
Medical Problems
Define Dissociative Amnesia:
significant, selective memory loss of personal info
What type of memory is lost in Dissociative Amnesia?
episodic memory
Is Dissociative Amnesia physically caused?
no
Define Dissociative Fugue:
when a person suddenly travels away from home and forgets how they got to their destination and forget personal info, even their name
Define mood disorders:
disturbances in emotional feelings strong enough to interfere with everyday living
Moods are _______ lasting than emotions.
longer
How many people in the U.S. are affected by depression?
15 million
Depression is also known as?
the common cold of psychiatry
What percentage of people experience depression sometime during their life?
6-10%
How many more woman then men experiences depression?
twice as many
Depression is _______ world wide.
increasing
Depression is not due to___________
any specific stressor
How long does a depressed mood have to last before coming clinical depression?
2 weeks
What type of symptoms does depression have?
physical
cognitive
emotional symptoms
Define Bipolar disorders:
combines depression with upswings into mania
When does Bipolar disorder begin?
late teens or early twenties
Bipolar is caused by a ________
genetic link
Define adjustment disorder with depressed mood:
looks similar to depression
lots of the same symptoms, not as many though
has a cause
Define Dysthymia:
emotional unhappiness
can function with it normally
Defien Cyclothymia:
hypomania
similar to bipolar but not as disruptive
Define Schizophrenia:
thought disorder
means “split mind” between thought and feeling or thought and reality
Schizophrenia has ________ symptoms.
positive/negative
Negative example: not taking a bath
What are 5 symptoms of Schizophrenia?
delusions word salading withdrawal emotional disturbance Perceptual disorder
Decline in functioning may be a result of____
Schizophrenia
A Schizophrenia process onset means what?
Schizophrenia slowly came to light
A Schizophrenia reactive onset means what?
Schizophrenia comes on all of sudden
means Schizophrenia will be less severe
Define a Disorganized (Hebephrenic) Schizophrenia:
immature
silly acting
flirtatious
giggle a lot
Disorganized (Hebephrenic) Schizophrenia is more likely in________
women
Define a Catatonic Schizophrenia:
changes in psychomotor movement:
some will freeze in mid motion and stay that way for hours and possibly days. then some will fail like a fish, kind of like a seizure
Catatonic Schizophrenia is more likely in_____
men
Define Paranoid Schizophrenia:
delusional thoughts
Define Undifferentiated Schizophrenia:
some of all types of schizophrenia
Define Residual Schizophrenia:
not a bad case of schizophrenia
Define personality disorder:
chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control
Define antisocial personality disorder:
no conscious
People with antisocial personality disorder may have__________
good or bad social skills
People with antisocial personality disorder have a great need for what?
excitment
People with which personality disorder are more likely to become criminals?
antisocial personality disorde
Define Borderline Personality disorder:
right at having a major mental illness
People with Borderline personality disorder are very likely to do what?
commit suicide in non lethal ways that look bizarre
Define Narcissistic Personality Disorder:
self absorbed
