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Urinalysis > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Best specimen for urinalysis?

A

First morning specimen, it’s the most concentrated

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1
Q

Best for culture other than catheterized or suprapubic

A

Clean catch, midstream

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2
Q

List the types of urine specimens.

A 
Random
First morning
Fasting
2hour prandial
Clean catch mid stream
Catheterized 
Suprapubic
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3
Q

Legal specimens, require chain of custody and have specific collection procedures

A

Drug screening

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4
Q

List the specific security procedures

A

No purses
Empty pockets
Water turned off

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5
Q

Pale yellow urine indicates?

A

Low specific gravity

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6
Q

Dark yellow urine indicates?

A

High specific gravity

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7
Q

Urochordata causes what?

A

Causes yellow color

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8
Q

Pink or red urine indicates

A

RBC’s or hemoglobin

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9
Q

Brown urine?

A

Myoglobin

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10
Q

Concentrated specimen would be most likely what color?

A

Dark yellow

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11
Q

Orange urine and yellow foam?

A

Bilirubin if yellow foam also, if no yellow foam then it could be a dye or contaminant

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12
Q

If you had dehydration or burns what color would your urine be?

A

Amber

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13
Q

If you had a pseudomonas infection your urine would be?

A

Green

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14
Q

List the types of urine clarities

A

Clear…. Normal
Hazy….. Can see news print through
Cloudy…… Milky
Turbid….. Can’t see through

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15
Q

Can be pathologic or non pathologic

A

Turbidity

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16
Q

Precipitation of amorphous unrated or phosphates or even carbonates, mucus,epithelial cells are all examples of what?

A

Non pathologic turbidity

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17
Q

RBC’s and WBC’s, bacteria, yeast, and crystals are examples of what?

A

Pathologic crystals

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18
Q

List three ways to measure urine.

A

Dipstick
Urinometer
Refracts ether

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19
Q

What reflects the tubular reabsorption ability of the kidneys?

A

Specific gravity

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20
Q

Density of urine is what?

A

Specific gravity

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21
Q

Dipstick gives you what type of measurement?

A

Rough

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22
Q

Uses a large amount of specimen, and must be corrected for temperature?

A

Urinometer

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23
Q

Reflected light, very precise measurement, and only uses one to two drops of pee

A

Refractometer

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24
Q

Constant specific gravity of ——- is abnormal?

A

1.010

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25
Q

List the ways to Handle and store dipsticks.

A 
Room temperature storage
Urine at room temperature 
Desiccant...... To remove moisture
No volatile fumes
Use before expiration date
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26
Q

Useful for identifying crystals and measures acidity and alkalinity of a specimen

A

pH

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27
Q

Urine is ——- most of the time?

A

Acidic

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28
Q

What’s the normal ph range for urine?

A

4.5 to 8.0

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29
Q

A pH of 9 would indicate what?

A

Proliferation of bacteria –urease breaking down of urea—- old specimen

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30
Q

What is the system we use to measure pH?

A

Double indicator system

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31
Q

What are the two stains we would use for a PH measurement?

A

Methyl red

Bro thymol blue

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32
Q

Protein in what is significant?

A

Absence of blood

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33
Q

Finding protein in urine can indicate what?

A

Normal overflow or renal damage

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34
Q

What are a few things that can cause proteinuria?

A

Exercise and dehydration

also from muscle injury and glomerular disorder

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35
Q

SSA detects how many types of proteins?

A

All of them

36
Q

SSA has a dipstick specific for what?

A

Albumin

37
Q

In multiple myeloma patients SSA detects what kind of proteins?

A

“Bence-Jones”

38
Q

SulfosLicylic acid is a confirmatory test for what?

A

Protein

39
Q

Glucose in urine when plasma levels exceed renal threshold (160-180mg/DSL) indicates what

A

Diabetes mellitus

40
Q

T/F

There is a dipstick specific for glucose?

A

True

41
Q

What uses glucose oxidase enzyme, per oxidase enzyme, and a chromgen?

A

Glucose dipstick

42
Q

T/F

Glucose oxidase reacts with albumin to produce gluconic acid and peroxide

A

False— it reacts with glucose

43
Q

T/F

Peroxide reacts with chromogen in presence of peroxidase to change the color

A

True

44
Q

The clinitest is positive when?

A

With all reducing sugars

45
Q

The clinitest detects what hereditary condition

A

Galactose

Galactose rica

46
Q

Having galactose in the urine of a newborn represents what?

A

An inborn error of metabolism—- no breakdown of galactose….. Failure to thrive, death

47
Q

In your clinitest cupric sulfate is converted to what?

A

Cuprous oxide

48
Q

What color indicates positive, what colors indicate negative reactions in an clinitest?

A

Blue—positive

Yellow green red orange —– negative

49
Q

Table sugar is not a what?

A

Reducing sugar

50
Q

The clinitest detects what?

A

Galactose, fructose, lactose, maltose, ect.

51
Q

A real high sugar can cause what in a clinitest?

A

It can cause it to turn back to a positive called a “pass through phenomenon “

52
Q

List the tree ketones

A

Acetone
Acetoacetic acid
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

53
Q

What Is the test that is available for a beta-hydroxybutyric acid?

A

There is none

54
Q

The dipstick for ketones is more sensitive for ——— than ————-.

A

Acetoacitic acid

Acetone

55
Q

Ketones in urine from increased fat metabolism occur in?

A 
Diabetic acidosis
Starvation
Strenuous exercise
Vomiting
Anorexia
Inadequate insulin dosage
56
Q

In diabetic acidosis we see what?

A

A real high glucose level

57
Q

Ketones react with sodium nitroprusside to produce what color?

A

Purple

58
Q

Acetest tablet has what added to help detect acetone in addition to acetoacedic acid

A

Glycine

59
Q

Blood in the urine indicates what?

A

Positive for both RBC’s ( hematuria) and hemoglobin (hemeglobinuria)

60
Q

When testing for blood on a dipstick what else could also react?

A

Myoglobin

61
Q

Pseudo peroxidase method is used to measure what?

A

Amount of blood in urine

62
Q

When measuring blood in the urine, hydrogen peroxide plus a chromogen in the presence of hemoglobin converts the chromogen to what color?

A

A green-blue color

63
Q

When using the pseudoperoxidase method to measure blood in the urine hemoglobin acts like a ——– for the reaction

A

Enzyme

64
Q

T/F

Ascorbic acid causes a positive reaction?

A

False…… It causes a false- negative

65
Q

Bilirubin is what?

A

A breakdown product of hemoglobin from red cell destruction

66
Q

Elevated Bilirubin levels in the urine can result from what?

A

Liver disease—–hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer
Bile duct obstruction
Hemolytic diseases

67
Q

Bilirubin is measured with what?

A

The ‘Diazo’ reaction

68
Q

In the measurement process of bilirubin diazonium salt is converted to what?

A

Azodye

69
Q

Bilirubin is broken down by what?

A

Sun light

70
Q

In the measurement of bilirubin interference can come from what?

A

Pyridium

71
Q

The Ictotest is a conformation test for what?

A

Bilirubin

72
Q

The Ictotest is considered more sensitive than what?

A

A dipstick

73
Q

The end product of hemoglobin to conjugated bilirubin is what?

A

Urobilinogen

74
Q

Small amounts of what are always present in the plasma and urine?

A

Urobilingen

75
Q

Urobilingen is ——- in liver disease and hemolytic diseases?

A

Elevated

76
Q

“Enrich”more agent is used in what?

A

The measurement of urobilinogen

77
Q

When usin the “ehrlich’s” reagent the color changes to rede in the presence of what?

A

Urobilinogen

78
Q

What test is used to distinguish urobilinogen from porphobilinogen?

A

“Watson-Schwartz”

79
Q

When looking for urobilinogen what else can cause a positive?

A

Porphobilinogen

80
Q

Some gram positive bacteria will convert nitrate to ——-?

A

Nitrite

81
Q

Most urinary tract infections come from?

A

Gram-negative, nitrite producing bacteria

82
Q

A pink color is produced from the reduction of nitrate in what reaction?

A

“Greiss” reaction

83
Q

Esterases come from ——- detected?

A

Leukocytes

84
Q

An acid ester is catalyzedby esterases from leukocytes today react with a ——- to produce a purple color.

A

Chromogen (Diazo salt)

85
Q

A leukocyte esterase indicates a what ?

A

The presence of leukocytes above the normal amount

86
Q

What is an indicator of an infection?

A

Leukocytes

87
Q

Polyelectrolyte releases what?

A

Hydrogen ions in proportion to the number of ions in the solution……… The more ions the higher the specific gravity

88
Q

Hydrogen ions cause a color change of what indicator?

A

Bromthymol Blue indicator

which is a chromogen

Urinalysis (1 decks)

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