Test 4 Flashcards
Define gland
An organ producing a specific product or secretion
Define secretion
Biological expulsion of material
Define duct
Small passageway or canal for fluids that empty into the oral cavity
Define acini
Bulbous grapelike or tubular secretion located at the terminal part of the gland connected to the duct system
Define lumen
The central opening where the saliva is deposited after being produced by secretory cells
Define saliva
Produced by salivary glands and contains minerals. It is controlled by the autonomic system
What are the 3 major glands
- Parotid - 25% resting volume, serous cells, thin and water
- Submandibular - 60-65% resting volume, serous cells (thinner) and mucous cells (thicker)
- Sublingual - 10% resting volume, serous cells (some) and mucous cells (more), viscous
Where are the 3 major glands located
Parotid - cheek
Submandinular - under mandible
Sublingual - floor of mouth
What are the 5 minor glands
- Labial
- Buccal
- Palatine
- Glossopalatine
- Lingual
What is the function of major glands
To break down food, carbohydrates, and starches
What are the functions of minor glands
Keep the oral mucosa hydrated and lubricated
What does the PH buffer do
Help control oral bacteria
What are the main purposes of saliva
It lubricates and cleans the oral mucosa, protects from dryness, carcinogens, antibacterial activity in biofilm formation, and helps to digest food
What are salivary glands composed of
Epithelium and connective tissue.
Epithelium lines ducts and produce saliva (called secretory cells)
Connective tissue protects and supports the gland
What does the connective tissue divide into
Capsule - surrounds the outer part of the entire gland and septa
Septum - helps divide the inner part of the gland into the lager and smaller lobes
What are secretory cells classified as
Mucous or serous cells
What are mucous cells
Cells that help saliva lubricate and produce glycoproteins
What are serous cells
They produce proteins and an enzyme called amylase that forms from starches and sugars
Can there be a mixture of mucous cells and serous cells
Yes a mixture can exist but usually one type predominates. It will be called either seromucous or mucoserous
What is secretion of saliva triggered by
Taste, smell, and chewing
What controlls saliva secretion
Autonomic nervous system
What surrounds the acini
Connective tissue - permits contracting and expanding to aid in saliva secretion
Explain the duct system of salivary glands
- Secretory cells are found in a group (acini)
- Each acini is located at the end of the gland connected to the duct system.
- There are many acini within each lobule of the gland
- a lumen is the central opening where the saliva is deposited
- serous secretions are from serous acini with a lumen ghat is rounded nucleus and smaller lumen
- mucous secretions are from mucous acini and the lumen is flatter nucleus and wider lumen
What type of secretion do the major glands have
Parotid - serous acini
Submandibulae - mostly mucous acini with serous demilunes
Sublingual - mostly serous and mucous acini
Describe the flow of saliva
- moves out of each lumen into the connecting ducts
- epithelial cells contract and the acini is squeezed
- forces the saliva out of the lumen into the connecting duct
- the duct system is not a pipeline passageway of saliva
Describe the ducts of the major glands
Parotid - opening opposite the maxillary second molar
Submandibular - runs along the floor of the mouth and exits the small elevated openings called sublingual caruncle
Sublingual - Y shaped and exits with the sublingual caruncle ducts and several small ducts along the sublingual fold
How would you describe ducts
The 13 little circles in a V shape on your tongue
Review: location, secretion, resting volume, pain, function of parotid gland
- surface of masseter muscle behind the famous
- serous secretion
- 25% resting volume
- people with mumps will have pain when eating
- cleaning and disolving
Review: location, size, secretion, resting volume, function of submandibular gland
- wrapped around the mylohyoid muscle
- walnut sized
- mixed secretion
- 60-65% resting volume
- lubrication and digestion
Review: location, shape, size, resting volume, secretion, function of sublingual gland
- next to mandibular canines
- almond shaped
- smallest of the three
- 10% resting volume
- mucous secretion - more viscous than submandibular gland
- lubrication
Over view of minor saliva glands
- small cluster throughout the mouth
- short duct systems
- keeps the linning mucosa moist
Where is the labial gland located and what type of secretion does it have
Located on the inner surface of the upper and lower lips
Mixed mostly mucous
Location and secretion of buccal gland
Located on the inner cheek
Mostly mixed glands
Location and secretion of Palatine gland
Located in the soft palate, posterior and lateral parts of the hard palate
Pure mucous
Keeps the anterior part of the hard palate moist
Location and secretion of glossopalatine gland
Located from the posterior lateral parts of the palate down into the anterior fold of tissue in front of the Palatine tonsil
Pure mucous
Location and secretion of lingual gland
There’s 3 lingual glands
Anterior - near tip of tongue, mixed mostly mucous
Lingual - lingual gland of Von Ebner, pure serous, washes off the taste bud
Posterior - around the lingual tonsils and posterior 1/3, pure mucous
At what age does calcification begin
4 month fetal life
When do teeth begin to develop
6 month fetal life
Is premature teeth a thing
Commonly no teeth are visible at birth but can have premature teeth meaning they are not a part of primary dentition
Which forms first crowns or roots
Crowns for first the roots (can be disrupted by illnesses)
Eruption schedule (general)
Girls erupt before boys
Mandibular central incisors erupt first
Teeth erupt in pairs
What helps align the teeth
Facial muscles will align the teeth
How long does it take for primary dentition to be completed
2.5 years
What is a canine eminence
When canines erupt they bring supporting bone which creates the canine eminence on the labial surface ag the corner of the mouth
When do secondary teeth begin to form
6 months of age
What do teeth look like at 5 months in utero
Incisor cusps are forming
What do teeth look like at 7 months in utero
Mandibular cusps are almost fully formed and cusps of other teeth are forming
What do teeth look like at birth
Both maxillary and mandibular incisor crowns are fully formed other crowns are still forming
What do teeth look like at 6 months
Mandibular incisors are starting to erupt and roots are forming aswell as secondary crowns are bringing to form
What do teeth look like at 9 months
Both maxillary and mandibular incisors are erupting with roots still forming and secondary molars and incisors are forming
What do teeth look like at 1 year
Incisors are eruoted and mandibular first molar is erupting, roots are still forming and secondary molars, incisors, and premolar crowns are forming
What do teeth look like at 18 months
Incisors are fully erupted and their roots have fully developed, rest of teeth are erupting, roots are still forming and crowns of incisors, canines, and molars are still forming
What do teeth look like at 2 years
Primary incisors and canines are fully erupted while molar roots are still forming, premolar crowns are beginning to form
What do teeth look like at 3 years
Full primary dentition is erupted and roots are done forming, first molar roots are bringing to form and second premolar, second molar, and third molar crowns are beginning to form
What do teeth look like at 4 years
Same as 3 years old except maxillary incisors roots are beginning to form and teeth are beginning to make room for secondary teeth
What do teeth look like at 5 years
Primary incisor roots are beginning to shrink to get ready to loose the teeth
What do teeth look like at 6 years
Secondary first molar has erupted, incisor roots basically gone
What do teeth look like at 7 years
Secondary central incisors have erupted, roots of canines, and primary molars have begun to shrink
What do teeth look like at 8 years
Secondary lateral incisors have erupted, secondary central incisors have fully erupted, roots on secondary teeth have all begun formation
What do teeth look like at 9 years
Basically the same as 8 years but secondary third molar crowns have begun to form
What do teeth look like at 10 years
Only primary teeth left are the second molars and maxillary canine
What is the eruption sequence for permanent teeth in the maxillary arch
- First molar
- Central incisor
- Lateral incisor
- First premolae
- Second premolar
- Canine
- Second molar
- Third molar
What is the eruption sequence for secondary teeth in the mandibular arch
- First molar
- Central incisor
- Lateral incisor
- Canine
- First premolar
- Second premolar
- Second molar
- Third molar
What does premature tooth loss cause
Primary teeth drift mesially
What do teeth look like at 11 years
No more primary teeth. Central and later incisors aswell as first molars are fully erupted, first and second premolars aswell as canines begin to erupt, third molar crowns still forming
What do teeth look like at 12 years
Every tooth is fully erupted except for the second and third molars, third molars crown still forming, second molar still erupting
What do teeth look like at 15 years
Every tooth fully erupted except for third molars, third molars roots forming
What do teeth look like at 21 years
Every tooth fully erupted
What do teeth look like at 35 years
Exact same as 21 years
What does flush terminal plane mean
Measial surface of posterior teeth are directly in line with each other
What does distal step mean
The mandibular teeth shift backwards
What does mesial step mean
The mandibular teeth shift mesially
What is a primate space
Spaces between your teeth in the primary dentition
What is a leeway space
Extra space that the deciduous canines and molars occupy to help save room for their permanent successors
What is diastema
Spacing developed based on the growth rate of the mandible
How do you tell maxillary incisors from mandibular incisors
Maxillary crown is:
- wider mesiodistally than faciolingually (mans is opposite)
- Convex on labial and concave on lingual
- root has a triangular cross section (mand has oval)
- incisal edge is worn more on the lingual than the labial (slight slant to the lingual side)
How do you tell the difference between central incisors and lateral incisors
Central:
- greater crown to root ratio (lateral is opposite)
- mesioincisal angle is sharp (90 degrees) (lateral is more rounded)
- well developed cingulum (lateral has a small cingulum
How do you tell the difference between maxillary canines and mandibular canines
Maxillary:
- Lingual surface has well developed marginal ridges, cingulum, and fossa (mand is almost smooth)
- larger and bulkier crown
- cusp tip directly midcenter over root
How do you tell the difference between right and left canines
Distal surface is rounded
How do you tell the difference between maxillary and mandibular premolars
Maxillary:
- two major cusps (buccal and lingual) similar size (mand has a prominent facial cusp and 1 or 2 smaller lingual cusps)
- distinctly wider faciolingually than mesiodistally (mand is nearly equal faciolingually and mesiodistally
How do you tell the difference between left and right first premolars
Right:
- cervical line on mesial surface curves more occlusally than on the distal surface
How do you tell the difference between first and second premolars in the maxillary arch
First:
- facial cusp slightly longer than lingual (seconds facial and lingual cusps are nearly the same height)
- often has 2 roots (seconds usually single rooted but often bifurcated)
- well developed central groove (seconds have a short central groove)
- mesial surface has a depression (seconds have no depression on medial or distal crown surfaces)
How do you tell the difference between first and second premolars in the mandibular arch
First:
- occlusal surface tilted strongly toward lingual side (second tilted less)
- oval outline from occlusal view with a strong transverse Ridge and no central pit (seconds have a pentagonal outline from occlusal view with a central pit and without a transverse Ridge
How do you tell the difference between maxillary and mandibular molars
Maxillary:
- crowns wider faciolingually than mesiodistally (mans opposite)
- three roots (2 facial 1 lingual) (mans has 2 roots, 1 mesial 1 distal and the mesial root is longer, wider, and longer)
How do you tell the difference between right and left first molars in the maxillary arch
Right:
- mesiolongual cusp is always much larger than distolingual cusp
How do you tell the difference between right and left second molars in the maxillary arch
Right:
- mesiolingual cusp is always much larger than distolingual cusp
How do you tell the difference between right and left third molars in the maxillary arch
Right:
- distofacial cusp much shorter than other molars
- roots curved distally
How do you tell the difference between right and left first molars in the mandibular arch
Right:
- distal cusp is smallest facial cusp
How do you tell the difference between right and left second molars in the mandibular arch
Right:
- buccal height of contour in cervical third; lingual height of contour in middle third
How do you tell the difference between right and left third molars in the mandibular arch
Right:
- crown tapers distally
- wider faciolingually on medial than on distal
How do you tell the difference between the first, second, and third molars in the maxillary arch
First:
- strong oblique ridge (second has a smaller oblique Ridge) (third doesn’t have an oblique Ridge)
- three roots widely separated (seconds roots are closer together) (thirds roots are very close together and much shorter)
- often has a 5th cusp (seconds don’t have a 5th cusp and distolingual cusp is smaller than first but larger than third) (thirds distolingual cusp is smaller/missing and no cusp of carabelli)
How do you tell the difference between first, second, and third molars in the mandibular arch
First:
- three facial cusps and 2 facial grooves (seconds 2 facial cusps and 1 facial groove)
- bifurcated roots spread out and verticals (seconds bifurcated and close) (thirds short often fused and curved distally)
