Test #4 Flashcards
Stereotypes
Mental shortcuts that categorize people based on shared characteristics
Stereotype threat
Risk that individuals will confirm negative stereotypes about their social group
- form of confirmation bias
Self-stereotyping
Occurs when individuals adjust their behaviour to align with societal expectations
- associated w/ gender or ID
Similarity-based categorization
Categorizing and classifying based on similarity of instances
Prototype view
View based on abstract specification
- represents ideal or most typical instance of category
Exemplar view
Involves categorizing based on specific examples or instances that represent the category
- is a limitation on the classical view
Explanation-based categorization
View is based on underlying explanations for the formation of categories rather than similarities
(E.g., explaining a concept to someone)
Types of classical view of categorizations
- Individually necessary features
- Collectively sufficient features
Individually necessary features
Features that must be present first and for an object to belong to a particular category
(Ex., triangle has 3 sides, if object doesn’t have 3 sides it cannot be classified as a triangle)
Collective sufficient features
Features, when combined are enough to classify an object within that category
(Ex., triangle must have 3 sides and a closed figure)
Initial classification
No requirement for individual features to align perfectly for classification
- classifications aren’t strictly binary
(E.g., cat doesn’t need to be black for us to understand that it is a cat)
Typicality in categories
Certain members aren’t perceived as more typical than others
- difficult to define concepts due to varying individual characteristics
(E.g., morals and concept of justice are hard to perceive)
Limitations on classification
- Current type view limitations
- Exemplar view
Classification Characteristics
- Easier classification if more characteristics are associated with a category
- More features, the simpler it is to classify
Limitations of classification
- Current type view
- Exemplar view
Current type view limitation
- Difficulty categorizing items and it’s because the characteristics aren’t the same
- This complicates what category belongs to what
(E.g., grey area that classical view doesn’t account for)
Limitation Classification: Exemplar view
- Individuals categorize new instances by comparing them to stored examples of instances
- Counts for variability in categorization based on real-life experiences, but doesn’t address all complexities
Relationships in classification
- Explanation-based categories
- Schema
Schema
Represents knowledge structures that help individuals make sense of experiences and categorize new info
- influence how individuals perceive and interact with various environments
