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psych 102 > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the medical model?

A

psych disorders can be seen as psychopathology (illness of the mind)
disorders can be diagnosed (collection of symptoms)
people can be treated (given therapy with the goal of restoring mental health)

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2
Q

what do we use to classify abnormal behaviors?

A

the 5 Axes of diagnoses

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3
Q

What is axis I?

A

looks for clinical syndromes using specific criteria

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4
Q

what is axis II?

A

looks for personality disorder, mental retardation, or intellectual development disorder

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5
Q

what is axis III?

A

looks for general medical condition, such as diabetes, arthritis, hypertension, etc.

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6
Q

what is axis IV?

A

looks for psychosocial or environmental problems, such as school or housing issues

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7
Q

what is axis V?

A

global assessment of person’s functioning from 0-100. 100 is high functioning (no problems). 0 is no functioning.

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8
Q

disadvantages of the DSM system?

A

the DSM calls too many people disordered
the line between disorder and normal is arbitrary
decisions about what is a disorder include value judgments
they direct how we view and interpret the world (so that we know what behaviors to see as disordered)

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9
Q

advantages of the DSM system?

A

creates a verbal shorthand for referring to a list of associated symptoms
allow us to statistically study many similar cases and predict outcomes
guide treatment choices

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10
Q

problems of labeling?

A

creates stigma and stereotypes

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11
Q

what are the risk and protective factors for mental disorders in general?

A

risk factors: academic failure, birth complications, abuse, neglect, insomnia, pain, family conflict, low birth weight, low SES status, illness, neurochemical imbalance, substance abuse, poor skills/habits, trauma

protective factors: exercise, empowering and secure community, good parenting, literacy, positive attachment, early bonding, coping with stress and adversity, self-esteem, social support

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12
Q

when does anxiety become a disorder?

A

Distress (deeply frustrated with not being able to control behaviors)
Dysfunction (time and energy spent on these thoughts and behaviors interfere with everyday life)

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13
Q

GAD: generalized anxiety disorder

A

worrying, anxious feelings/thoughts about many things

autonomic arousal: trembling, sweating, fidgeting, agitation, sleep disruption

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14
Q

panic disorder?

A

having panic attacks: many minutes of intense dread or terror, chest pain, choking, numbness, frightening sensations, need to escape

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15
Q

phobia

A

uncontrollable, irrational, intense desire to avoid some object or situation.

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16
Q

OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

obsessions–intense, unwanted worries, ideas, and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind
compulsion–needing to do something even if it doesn’t seem to make sense

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17
Q

PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder

A 
after experiencing trauma, having four weeks to a lifetime of:
repeated intrusive memory recall
nightmares/re-experiencing
social withdrawal or phobic avoidance
jumpy anxiety or hyper-vigilance
insomnia or sleep problems
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18
Q

define mood disorder

A

a psychological disorder characterized by the elevation or lowering of a person’s mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder.

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19
Q

MDD: major depressive disorder

A

one or both of:
depressed mood most of the day
diminished interest or pleasure in activities

plus three more of these:
increase/decrease in appetite or weight
insomnia, too much sleep, disrupted sleep
lethargy or physical agitation
fatigue or loss of energy daily
worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt
daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and making decisions
recurring thoughts of death or suicide

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20
Q

bipolar disorder

A

depression and mania

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21
Q

mania

A

hyper-elevated mood that is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, hyperactive, impulsive, overly optimistic, grandiose

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22
Q

what are the biological and cognitive aspects of mood disorders?

A

biological: evolution (survival value), genes, brain/body (brain activity diminished, smaller frontal lobes)
cognitive: negative thoughts/mood, explanatory style, vicious cycle (being sad, being upset about being sad, being sad because you’re upset, etc.)

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23
Q

what is learned helplessness and how does it relate to depression?

A

self-defeating beliefs such as assuming that one self is unable to cope, improve, achieve, or be happy

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24
Q

schizophrenia?

A

mind split from reality

disorganized or delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions

25
what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
positive--presence of problematic behaviors | hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and nonsensical speech, bizarre behavior
26
what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
``` negative--absence of healthy behavior flat affect (no emotion in face), reduced social interaction, anhedonia (no feelings of enjoyment), avolition (less motivation), alogia (speaking less), catatonia (moving less) ``` harder to notice
27
hallucination
illusory perceptions, especially auditory in schizophrenics
28
delusion
illusory beliefs, especially persecutory in schizophrenics
29
brain abnormalities in schizophrenics
too many dopamine receptors (which explain the paranoia and hallucinations as there) poor coordination in frontal lobes the thalamus fires during hallucinations, which create real sensations shrinking of certain areas in the brain
30
biological risk factors for schizophrenia
low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, famine, oxygen deprivation during deliver, maternal virus during mid-pregnancy impairing brain development
31
what do twin studies say about the genetic influence of schizophrenia?
if one twin has it, the chance of the other one also having it are much greater if the twins are identical
32
social/psychological factors of schizophrenia
``` these alone do not cause it, but they can affect the onset early separation from parents short attention span disruptive/withdrawn behavior emotional unpredictability poor peer relations or solitary play ```
33
dissociation
a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memory, bodily sensations, feelings, or even from identity
34
dissociative amnesia
loss of memory with no physical cause; inability to recall select memories or any memory
35
dissociative fugue
running away; wandering away from one's life, memory, identity, with no memory of this
36
DID: dissociative identity disorder
development of separate personalities
37
anorexia nervosa
compulsion to lose weight, certainty about being fat despite skinniness
38
bulimia nervosa
compulsion to binge then purge
39
binge-eating disorder
compulsion to binge, followed by guilt and depression
40
factors associated with eating disorders
unrealistic body image and extreme body ideal desire to control food and body when one's situation can't be controlled cycles of depression health problems mother focused on appearance and weight as a child
41
personality disorders
enduring patterns of social and other behavior that impair social functioning
42
what are the 3 clusters of personality disorders?
anxious (avoidant, ruled by fear/social rejection) eccentric/odd (schizoid, flat affect, no social attachment) dramatic (histrionic--attention seeking, narcissistic--self-centered, antisocial, amoral)
43
diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder?
``` violating the rights of others since age 15 and three of these: deceitfulness disregard for safety of self or others aggression failure to conform to social norms lack of remorse impulsivity irritability irresponsibility regarding job, family, money ```
44
what parts of the brain are different in people with personality disorders?
less tissue and activity in the part of the brain that suppresses impulses less amygdala response when viewing violence overactive dopamine reward-seeking system
45
CBT: cognitive behavioral therapy
works to change both cognitions and behaviors that are part of a mental health disorder
46
systematic desensitization
learning to relax in the presence of fear/anxiety arousing stimulus classical conditioning
47
exposure therapy
Guided exposure to the feared situation can reverse this reinforcement by waiting for anxiety to subside during the exposure. classical conditioning
48
aversive conditioning
teaching the person to associate the drug (what they want) with a negative response (nausea) classical conditioning
49
token economy
using rewards as tokens that can be collected and traded for real rewards operant conditioning
50
define cognitive restructuring
a psychotherapeutic process of learning to identify and dispute irrational or maladaptive thoughts, such as all-or-nothing thinking (splitting), magical thinking and emotional reasoning, which are commonly associated with many mental health disorders
51
family therapy
session with the family to work on the family system
52
group therapy
assembles 6-9 people with a need, facilitated by a therapist to work on goals together
53
self-help/support groups
led by group member, not therapist, large, focused on support rather than working on goals
54
psychopharmacology
the study of drug effects on behavior, mood, and the mind
55
antipsychotics
reduces symptoms of schizophrenia (especially positive ones) by blocking dopamine receptors can lead to obesity, diabetes, and movement problems
56
antianxiety medication
reduces worried thinking and physical agitation, can erase traumatic associations by slowing nervous system activity in body and brain can lead to slowed thinking, reduced learning, dependence, withdrawal
57
antidepressants
improves mood and control over depressing/anxious thoughts by increasing serotonin levels can lead to dry mouth, constipation, and reduced sexual desire
58
reuptake inhibition
increases synaptic neurotransmitter levels by using medication to block reuptake
59
what is the most and least common form of biological therapy used?
most common is drugs | least common is ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

psych 102 (1 decks)

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