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psych 102 > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the medical model?

A

psych disorders can be seen as psychopathology (illness of the mind)
disorders can be diagnosed (collection of symptoms)
people can be treated (given therapy with the goal of restoring mental health)

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2
Q

what do we use to classify abnormal behaviors?

A

the 5 Axes of diagnoses

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3
Q

What is axis I?

A

looks for clinical syndromes using specific criteria

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4
Q

what is axis II?

A

looks for personality disorder, mental retardation, or intellectual development disorder

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5
Q

what is axis III?

A

looks for general medical condition, such as diabetes, arthritis, hypertension, etc.

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6
Q

what is axis IV?

A

looks for psychosocial or environmental problems, such as school or housing issues

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7
Q

what is axis V?

A

global assessment of person’s functioning from 0-100. 100 is high functioning (no problems). 0 is no functioning.

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8
Q

disadvantages of the DSM system?

A

the DSM calls too many people disordered
the line between disorder and normal is arbitrary
decisions about what is a disorder include value judgments
they direct how we view and interpret the world (so that we know what behaviors to see as disordered)

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9
Q

advantages of the DSM system?

A

creates a verbal shorthand for referring to a list of associated symptoms
allow us to statistically study many similar cases and predict outcomes
guide treatment choices

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10
Q

problems of labeling?

A

creates stigma and stereotypes

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11
Q

what are the risk and protective factors for mental disorders in general?

A

risk factors: academic failure, birth complications, abuse, neglect, insomnia, pain, family conflict, low birth weight, low SES status, illness, neurochemical imbalance, substance abuse, poor skills/habits, trauma

protective factors: exercise, empowering and secure community, good parenting, literacy, positive attachment, early bonding, coping with stress and adversity, self-esteem, social support

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12
Q

when does anxiety become a disorder?

A

Distress (deeply frustrated with not being able to control behaviors)
Dysfunction (time and energy spent on these thoughts and behaviors interfere with everyday life)

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13
Q

GAD: generalized anxiety disorder

A

worrying, anxious feelings/thoughts about many things

autonomic arousal: trembling, sweating, fidgeting, agitation, sleep disruption

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14
Q

panic disorder?

A

having panic attacks: many minutes of intense dread or terror, chest pain, choking, numbness, frightening sensations, need to escape

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15
Q

phobia

A

uncontrollable, irrational, intense desire to avoid some object or situation.

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16
Q

OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

obsessions–intense, unwanted worries, ideas, and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind
compulsion–needing to do something even if it doesn’t seem to make sense

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17
Q

PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder

A 
after experiencing trauma, having four weeks to a lifetime of:
repeated intrusive memory recall
nightmares/re-experiencing
social withdrawal or phobic avoidance
jumpy anxiety or hyper-vigilance
insomnia or sleep problems
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18
Q

define mood disorder

A

a psychological disorder characterized by the elevation or lowering of a person’s mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder.

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19
Q

MDD: major depressive disorder

A

one or both of:
depressed mood most of the day
diminished interest or pleasure in activities

plus three more of these:
increase/decrease in appetite or weight
insomnia, too much sleep, disrupted sleep
lethargy or physical agitation
fatigue or loss of energy daily
worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt
daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and making decisions
recurring thoughts of death or suicide

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20
Q

bipolar disorder

A

depression and mania

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21
Q

mania

A

hyper-elevated mood that is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, hyperactive, impulsive, overly optimistic, grandiose

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22
Q

what are the biological and cognitive aspects of mood disorders?

A

biological: evolution (survival value), genes, brain/body (brain activity diminished, smaller frontal lobes)
cognitive: negative thoughts/mood, explanatory style, vicious cycle (being sad, being upset about being sad, being sad because you’re upset, etc.)

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23
Q

what is learned helplessness and how does it relate to depression?

A

self-defeating beliefs such as assuming that one self is unable to cope, improve, achieve, or be happy

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24
Q

schizophrenia?

A

mind split from reality

disorganized or delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions

25
Q

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

positive–presence of problematic behaviors

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and nonsensical speech, bizarre behavior

26
Q

what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A 
negative--absence of healthy behavior
flat affect (no emotion in face), reduced social interaction, anhedonia (no feelings of enjoyment), avolition (less motivation), alogia (speaking less), catatonia (moving less)

harder to notice

27
Q

hallucination

A

illusory perceptions, especially auditory in schizophrenics

28
Q

delusion

A

illusory beliefs, especially persecutory in schizophrenics

29
Q

brain abnormalities in schizophrenics

A

too many dopamine receptors (which explain the paranoia and hallucinations as there)
poor coordination in frontal lobes
the thalamus fires during hallucinations, which create real sensations
shrinking of certain areas in the brain

30
Q

biological risk factors for schizophrenia

A

low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, famine, oxygen deprivation during deliver, maternal virus during mid-pregnancy impairing brain development

31
Q

what do twin studies say about the genetic influence of schizophrenia?

A

if one twin has it, the chance of the other one also having it are much greater if the twins are identical

32
Q

social/psychological factors of schizophrenia

A 
these alone do not cause it, but they can affect the onset
early separation from parents
short attention span
disruptive/withdrawn behavior
emotional unpredictability
poor peer relations or solitary play
33
Q

dissociation

A

a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memory, bodily sensations, feelings, or even from identity

34
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

loss of memory with no physical cause; inability to recall select memories or any memory

35
Q

dissociative fugue

A

running away; wandering away from one’s life, memory, identity, with no memory of this

36
Q

DID: dissociative identity disorder

A

development of separate personalities

37
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

compulsion to lose weight, certainty about being fat despite skinniness

38
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

compulsion to binge then purge

39
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

compulsion to binge, followed by guilt and depression

40
Q

factors associated with eating disorders

A

unrealistic body image and extreme body ideal
desire to control food and body when one’s situation can’t be controlled
cycles of depression
health problems
mother focused on appearance and weight as a child

41
Q

personality disorders

A

enduring patterns of social and other behavior that impair social functioning

42
Q

what are the 3 clusters of personality disorders?

A

anxious (avoidant, ruled by fear/social rejection)
eccentric/odd (schizoid, flat affect, no social attachment)
dramatic (histrionic–attention seeking, narcissistic–self-centered, antisocial, amoral)

43
Q

diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder?

A 
violating the rights of others since age 15 and three of these:
deceitfulness
disregard for safety of self or others
aggression
failure to conform to social norms
lack of remorse
impulsivity
irritability
irresponsibility regarding job, family, money
44
Q

what parts of the brain are different in people with personality disorders?

A

less tissue and activity in the part of the brain that suppresses impulses
less amygdala response when viewing violence
overactive dopamine reward-seeking system

45
Q

CBT: cognitive behavioral therapy

A

works to change both cognitions and behaviors that are part of a mental health disorder

46
Q

systematic desensitization

A

learning to relax in the presence of fear/anxiety arousing stimulus
classical conditioning

47
Q

exposure therapy

A

Guided exposure to the feared situation can reverse this reinforcement by waiting for anxiety to subside during the exposure.
classical conditioning

48
Q

aversive conditioning

A

teaching the person to associate the drug (what they want) with a negative response (nausea)
classical conditioning

49
Q

token economy

A

using rewards as tokens that can be collected and traded for real rewards
operant conditioning

50
Q

define cognitive restructuring

A

a psychotherapeutic process of learning to identify and dispute irrational or maladaptive thoughts, such as all-or-nothing thinking (splitting), magical thinking and emotional reasoning, which are commonly associated with many mental health disorders

51
Q

family therapy

A

session with the family to work on the family system

52
Q

group therapy

A

assembles 6-9 people with a need, facilitated by a therapist to work on goals together

53
Q

self-help/support groups

A

led by group member, not therapist, large, focused on support rather than working on goals

54
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of drug effects on behavior, mood, and the mind

55
Q

antipsychotics

A

reduces symptoms of schizophrenia (especially positive ones)
by blocking dopamine receptors
can lead to obesity, diabetes, and movement problems

56
Q

antianxiety medication

A

reduces worried thinking and physical agitation, can erase traumatic associations
by slowing nervous system activity in body and brain
can lead to slowed thinking, reduced learning, dependence, withdrawal

57
Q

antidepressants

A

improves mood and control over depressing/anxious thoughts
by increasing serotonin levels
can lead to dry mouth, constipation, and reduced sexual desire

58
Q

reuptake inhibition

A

increases synaptic neurotransmitter levels by using medication to block reuptake

59
Q

what is the most and least common form of biological therapy used?

A

most common is drugs

least common is ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

psych 102 (1 decks)

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