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Government > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

A large, complex, hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions.

A

Bureaucracy

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2
Q

An individual who works in a bureaucracy. The term often refers to a government employee.

A

Bureaucrat

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3
Q

A federal agency that is not located within a cabinet department.

A

Independent Executive Agency

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4
Q

A federal organization that is responsible for creating and implementing rules that regulate private activity and protect the public interest in a particular sector of the economy.

A

Independent Regulatory Agency

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5
Q

An agency of the government that is run as a business enterprise. Such agencies engage primarily in commercial activities, produce revenues, and require greater flexibility than most government agencies have.

A

Government Corporation

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6
Q

A three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests.

A

Iron Triangle

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7
Q

The court system. One of the three branches of government in the United States.

A

Judiciary

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8
Q

Law based on the U.S. Constitution and the constitutions of the various states.

A

Constitutional Law

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9
Q

The body of law enacted by legislatures (as opposed to constitutional law, administrative law, or case law).

A

Statutory Law

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10
Q

The body of law created by administrative agencies (in the form of rules, regulations, orders, and decisions) in order to carry out their duties and responsibilities.

A

Administrative Law

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11
Q

The rules of law announced in court decisions. Is the aggregate of reported cases that interpret judicial precedents, statutes, regulations, and constitutional provisions.

A

Case Law

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12
Q

The branch of law that defines and governs actions that constitute crimes. Generally has to do with wrongful actions committed against society for which society demands redress.

A

Criminal Law

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13
Q

The branch of law that spells out the duties that individuals in society owe to other persons or to their governments, excluding the duty not to commit crimes.

A

Civil Law

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14
Q

The authority of a court to hear and decide a particular case.

A

Jurisdiction

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15
Q

The power of the courts to decide on the constitutionality of legislative enactments and of actions taken by the executive branch.

A

Judicial Review

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16
Q

established principle of judicial review, made federal judiciary a co-equal branch of government

A

Marbury v Madison

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17
Q

applied judicial review to states, asserting national supremacy

A

McCullough v Maryland

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18
Q

Public policy concerning issues within a national unit, such as national policy on health care or the economy.

A

Domestic Policy

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19
Q

The procedures involved in identifying an issue and then getting it on the political agenda: issue identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation, back to issue identification

A

Policymaking Process (7 steps)

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20
Q

A federal government program that pays for health care insurance for Americans aged sixty-five years and over.

A

Medicare

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21
Q

A joint federal-state program that pays for health care services for low-income persons.

A

Medicaid

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22
Q

A government program that provides benefits to all persons who meet specified requirements.

A

Entitlement Program

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23
Q

There is no universal healthcare, the government does not provide health benefits to citizens

A

National Health Insurance

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24
Q

In the context of health care reform, a requirement that all persons obtain health care insurance from one source or another. Those failing to do so must pay a penalty.

A

Individual Mandate

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25
Q

The result of human activities releasing greenhouse gasses and methane into the atmosphere

A

Global Warming

26
Q

Energy from technologies that do not rely on extracted resources, such as oil and coal, that can run out.

A

Renewable Energy

27
Q

The process of trapping carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels or other chemical or biological processes and storing it in such a way that it is unable to affect the atmosphere, with the aim of mitigating the effects of global warming.

A

Carbon Capture

28
Q

All actions taken by the national government to address ups and downs in the nation’s level of business activity.

A

Economic Policy

29
Q

A period in which the level of economic activity falls. It is usually defined as two or more quarters of economic decline.

A

Recession

30
Q

The state of not having a job when actively seeking one.

A

Unemployment

31
Q

A labor market characterized by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs.

A

Gig Economy

32
Q

Actions taken by the Federal Reserve to change the amount of money in circulation to affect interest rates, credit markets, the rate of inflation, the rate of economic growth, and the rate of unemployment.

A

Monetary Policy

33
Q

The use of changes in government expenditures and taxes to alter national economic variables.

A

Fiscal Policy

34
Q

The total amount of money that the national government owes as a result of borrowing. Also called the national debt.

A

Public (national) Debt

35
Q

A systematic and general plan that guides a country’s attitudes and actions toward the rest of the world. It includes all of the economic, military, commercial, and diplomatic positions and actions that a nation takes in its relationships with other countries.

A

Foreign Policy

36
Q

In foreign policy, the belief that the most important goal is to do what is right. Moral idealists think that it is possible for nations to cooperate as part of a rule-based community.

A

Moral Idealism

37
Q

In foreign policy, the belief that nations are inevitably selfish and that we should seek to protect our national security, regardless of moral arguments.

A

Political Realism

38
Q

commander in chief, chief diplomat, Head of state

A

President’s Constitutional Powers

39
Q

Advises the President and leads the nation in foreign policy issues.

A

Department of State

40
Q

They are responsible for providing the military forces needed to deter war and protect the security of our country.

A

Department of Defense

41
Q

A council that advises the president on domestic and foreign matters concerning the safety and defense of the nation.

A

National Security Council

42
Q

Government agency that provides objective intelligence on foreign countries and global issues to the president.

A

Central Intelligence Agency

43
Q

declare war, ratify treaties, oversee/fund relevant executive departments

A

Congress’ Constitutional Powers

44
Q

A political policy of noninvolvement in world affairs.

A

Isolationism

45
Q

A U.S. policy, announced in 1823 by President James Monroe, that the United States would not tolerate foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere and, in return, would stay out of European affairs.

A

Monroe Doctrine

46
Q

A group of dependent nations that are under the rule of an imperial power.

A

Colonial Empire

47
Q

The position of not being aligned with either side in a dispute or conflict, such as a war.

A

Neutrality

48
Q

The group of Eastern European nations that fell under the control of the Soviet Union following World War II.

A

Soviet Bloc

49
Q

the political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II

A

Iron Curtain

50
Q

A plan providing for U.S. economic assistance to European nations following World War II to help those nations recover from the war. The plan was named after George C. Marshall, secretary of state from 1947 to 1949.

A

Marshall Plan

51
Q

A U.S. policy designed to contain the spread of communism by offering military and economic aid to threatened nations.

A

Containment

52
Q

The war of words, warnings, and ideologies between the Soviet Union and the United States that lasted from the late 1940s through the late 1980s.

A

Cold War

53
Q

A policy of building up military strength for the purpose of discouraging military attacks by other nations. This policy supported the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

A

Deterrence

54
Q

A phrase referring to the assumption that if the forces of two nations are capable of destroying each other, neither nation will take a chance on war.

A

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

55
Q

A nuclear standoff that occurred in 1962 when the United States learned that the Soviet Union had placed nuclear warheads in Cuba.

A

Cuban Missile Crisis

56
Q

A French word meaning a “relaxation of tensions.” It characterized the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s as they attempted to pursue cooperative dealings and arms control.

A

Detente

57
Q

An alliance of nations formed to undertake a foreign policy action, particularly a military action. Often a temporary alliance that dissolves after the action is concluded.

A

Coalition

58
Q

Chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons that can inflict massive casualties.

A

Weapons of Mass Destruction

59
Q

The Islamic State in Iraq and Greater Syria—a terrorist organization that by 2014 had taken over substantial portions of Iraq and Syria. Also known as ISIL (the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant) or the Islamic State.

A

ISIS

60
Q

use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military powers

A

Cyberwarfare

Government (1 decks)

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