test 4 Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

characteristics of all viruses?

A
  1. need host cell to replicate
  2. parasites
  3. DNA or RNA
  4. protein coat is capsid
  5. some have envelope with plasma membrane parts
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2
Q

what is the flu?

A

a virus that infects the cells of the body

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3
Q

how to classify a virus

A

based on their
- host
- type
- strain
- year of isolation
- spikes

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4
Q

are viruses living organisms?

A

5 characteristics
1. process energy and materials
2. maintain internal environment
3. respond to stimuli
4. reproduce
5. adapt to changing environmental conditions

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5
Q

process of reproduction?

A

they use cells of our bodies as biological factories, DNA as genetic material

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6
Q

compare RNA and DNA

A
  1. DNA are small pox, chicken pox, and herpes
  2. RNA is HIV, influenza, SARS-CoV-2
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7
Q

how can influenza infect?

A
  1. specifies protein function, on virus capsid
  2. target molecules on cell surface
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8
Q

lytic cycle events?

A
  1. attach
  2. penetration
  3. biosynthesis
  4. maturation
  5. release
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9
Q

lysogenic cycle events?

A
  1. penetration
  2. DNA integrates in host cell
  3. remains inactive
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10
Q

RNA virus cycle events?

A
  1. entry
  2. endocytosis
  3. fusion/unencoding
  4. translation
  5. protein synthesis
  6. release
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11
Q

impact influenza on bodily systems?

A
  1. digestive - reduces appetite centers in brain
  2. muscular - breakdown muscle fiber & fluid build up
  3. nervous - increase body temp
  4. integumentary - blood vessels restricts in skin
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12
Q

types of cells impacted by influenza?

A

Epithelial cells

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13
Q

flu systems?

A
  1. digestive - loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting
  2. muscular - joint and muscle aches
  3. nervous - headache and fever
  4. integumentary - chills
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14
Q

purpose of flu vaccine?

A

avoid the flu

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15
Q

why are vaccines useful?

A

getting the shot, doesnt mean you get flu, it reduces likelihood of getting durin the season

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16
Q

selection for yearly flu strain?

A
  1. year in advance
  2. monitoring stations
  3. scientists review samples
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17
Q

processes to make the flu vaccine?

A

recombinant process - small portion of virus used

18
Q

evolution relate to influenza?

A

recognizing methods that organisms change

19
Q

what is evolution?

A

change over time

20
Q

process of organisms change over time?

A

exchange genetic material over time, going from animals humans

21
Q

evolution happened why?

A

natural selection drives evolutionary change

22
Q

how does natural selection work?

A

it allows adaption to new environments

23
Q

types of selection

A
  1. stabilizing selection - common variant trait, most adaptive to env.
  2. directional selection - env. causes directional change in variants.
  3. distributive selection - most common variation, favors ends of distribution
24
Q

function of DNA and protein synthesis within offspring…

A

DNA, RNA, protein

25
evidence of evolution?
fossil record
26
how does influenza evolve?
1. antigenic drift - changes in surface spikes 2. antigenic shift - affects immune system
27
purpose of immune system?
protect bodies from foreign entities
28
organs of immune system?
lmphnodes, red bone marrow, spleen, thymus
29
cells used by the immune system?
1. macrophages/dendritic/neutrophils - destroy pathogens 2. natural killer - destroy infected cells 3. B lympndes - produce antibodies 4. T lympnodes - target specfic affected cells
30
role of MHC markers?
self-identification tag
31
what is an antigen?
substance producing specific immune response in the body
32
why does the immune system need to identify healthy "self" cells?
to know what to target
33
immune system affect influenza?
several layers of defense and targeting
34
pathways of of nonspecific immune response systems?
1. skin 2. respitory track 3. stomach
35
compare B and T lymphnodes
B - produce anitbodies T - target affected cells
36
process of immune system memory?
activated B cells wait for future exposure
37
how can vaccines prepare immune systems?
they are stronger because they know how to respond
38
developing treatment for influenze?
antiviral agents for universal flu vaccine
39
concerns of flu outbreaks in global society?
evolves quickly
40
mode of actions of antiviral meds?
1. attachment 2. uncoating 3. release
41
what can a universal flu do?
save the world