test 4 Flashcards
characteristics of all viruses?
- need host cell to replicate
- parasites
- DNA or RNA
- protein coat is capsid
- some have envelope with plasma membrane parts
what is the flu?
a virus that infects the cells of the body
how to classify a virus
based on their
- host
- type
- strain
- year of isolation
- spikes
are viruses living organisms?
5 characteristics
1. process energy and materials
2. maintain internal environment
3. respond to stimuli
4. reproduce
5. adapt to changing environmental conditions
process of reproduction?
they use cells of our bodies as biological factories, DNA as genetic material
compare RNA and DNA
- DNA are small pox, chicken pox, and herpes
- RNA is HIV, influenza, SARS-CoV-2
how can influenza infect?
- specifies protein function, on virus capsid
- target molecules on cell surface
lytic cycle events?
- attach
- penetration
- biosynthesis
- maturation
- release
lysogenic cycle events?
- penetration
- DNA integrates in host cell
- remains inactive
RNA virus cycle events?
- entry
- endocytosis
- fusion/unencoding
- translation
- protein synthesis
- release
impact influenza on bodily systems?
- digestive - reduces appetite centers in brain
- muscular - breakdown muscle fiber & fluid build up
- nervous - increase body temp
- integumentary - blood vessels restricts in skin
types of cells impacted by influenza?
Epithelial cells
flu systems?
- digestive - loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting
- muscular - joint and muscle aches
- nervous - headache and fever
- integumentary - chills
purpose of flu vaccine?
avoid the flu
why are vaccines useful?
getting the shot, doesnt mean you get flu, it reduces likelihood of getting durin the season
selection for yearly flu strain?
- year in advance
- monitoring stations
- scientists review samples
processes to make the flu vaccine?
recombinant process - small portion of virus used
evolution relate to influenza?
recognizing methods that organisms change
what is evolution?
change over time
process of organisms change over time?
exchange genetic material over time, going from animals humans
evolution happened why?
natural selection drives evolutionary change
how does natural selection work?
it allows adaption to new environments
types of selection
- stabilizing selection - common variant trait, most adaptive to env.
- directional selection - env. causes directional change in variants.
- distributive selection - most common variation, favors ends of distribution
function of DNA and protein synthesis within offspring…
DNA, RNA, protein
evidence of evolution?
fossil record
how does influenza evolve?
- antigenic drift - changes in surface spikes
- antigenic shift - affects immune system
purpose of immune system?
protect bodies from foreign entities
organs of immune system?
lmphnodes, red bone marrow, spleen, thymus
cells used by the immune system?
- macrophages/dendritic/neutrophils - destroy pathogens
- natural killer - destroy infected cells
- B lympndes - produce antibodies
- T lympnodes - target specfic affected cells
role of MHC markers?
self-identification tag
what is an antigen?
substance producing specific immune response in the body
why does the immune system need to identify healthy “self” cells?
to know what to target
immune system affect influenza?
several layers of defense and targeting
pathways of of nonspecific immune response systems?
- skin
- respitory track
- stomach
compare B and T lymphnodes
B - produce anitbodies
T - target affected cells
process of immune system memory?
activated B cells wait for future exposure
how can vaccines prepare immune systems?
they are stronger because they know how to respond
developing treatment for influenze?
antiviral agents for universal flu vaccine
concerns of flu outbreaks in global society?
evolves quickly
mode of actions of antiviral meds?
- attachment
- uncoating
- release
what can a universal flu do?
save the world
