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bio 101 > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of all viruses?

A
  1. need host cell to replicate
  2. parasites
  3. DNA or RNA
  4. protein coat is capsid
  5. some have envelope with plasma membrane parts
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2
Q

what is the flu?

A

a virus that infects the cells of the body

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3
Q

how to classify a virus

A

based on their
- host
- type
- strain
- year of isolation
- spikes

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4
Q

are viruses living organisms?

A

5 characteristics
1. process energy and materials
2. maintain internal environment
3. respond to stimuli
4. reproduce
5. adapt to changing environmental conditions

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5
Q

process of reproduction?

A

they use cells of our bodies as biological factories, DNA as genetic material

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6
Q

compare RNA and DNA

A
  1. DNA are small pox, chicken pox, and herpes
  2. RNA is HIV, influenza, SARS-CoV-2
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7
Q

how can influenza infect?

A
  1. specifies protein function, on virus capsid
  2. target molecules on cell surface
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8
Q

lytic cycle events?

A
  1. attach
  2. penetration
  3. biosynthesis
  4. maturation
  5. release
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9
Q

lysogenic cycle events?

A
  1. penetration
  2. DNA integrates in host cell
  3. remains inactive
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10
Q

RNA virus cycle events?

A
  1. entry
  2. endocytosis
  3. fusion/unencoding
  4. translation
  5. protein synthesis
  6. release
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11
Q

impact influenza on bodily systems?

A
  1. digestive - reduces appetite centers in brain
  2. muscular - breakdown muscle fiber & fluid build up
  3. nervous - increase body temp
  4. integumentary - blood vessels restricts in skin
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12
Q

types of cells impacted by influenza?

A

Epithelial cells

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13
Q

flu systems?

A
  1. digestive - loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting
  2. muscular - joint and muscle aches
  3. nervous - headache and fever
  4. integumentary - chills
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14
Q

purpose of flu vaccine?

A

avoid the flu

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15
Q

why are vaccines useful?

A

getting the shot, doesnt mean you get flu, it reduces likelihood of getting durin the season

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16
Q

selection for yearly flu strain?

A
  1. year in advance
  2. monitoring stations
  3. scientists review samples
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17
Q

processes to make the flu vaccine?

A

recombinant process - small portion of virus used

18
Q

evolution relate to influenza?

A

recognizing methods that organisms change

19
Q

what is evolution?

A

change over time

20
Q

process of organisms change over time?

A

exchange genetic material over time, going from animals humans

21
Q

evolution happened why?

A

natural selection drives evolutionary change

22
Q

how does natural selection work?

A

it allows adaption to new environments

23
Q

types of selection

A
  1. stabilizing selection - common variant trait, most adaptive to env.
  2. directional selection - env. causes directional change in variants.
  3. distributive selection - most common variation, favors ends of distribution
24
Q

function of DNA and protein synthesis within offspring…

A

DNA, RNA, protein

25
Q

evidence of evolution?

A

fossil record

26
Q

how does influenza evolve?

A
  1. antigenic drift - changes in surface spikes
  2. antigenic shift - affects immune system
27
Q

purpose of immune system?

A

protect bodies from foreign entities

28
Q

organs of immune system?

A

lmphnodes, red bone marrow, spleen, thymus

29
Q

cells used by the immune system?

A
  1. macrophages/dendritic/neutrophils - destroy pathogens
  2. natural killer - destroy infected cells
  3. B lympndes - produce antibodies
  4. T lympnodes - target specfic affected cells
30
Q

role of MHC markers?

A

self-identification tag

31
Q

what is an antigen?

A

substance producing specific immune response in the body

32
Q

why does the immune system need to identify healthy “self” cells?

A

to know what to target

33
Q

immune system affect influenza?

A

several layers of defense and targeting

34
Q

pathways of of nonspecific immune response systems?

A
  1. skin
  2. respitory track
  3. stomach
35
Q

compare B and T lymphnodes

A

B - produce anitbodies
T - target affected cells

36
Q

process of immune system memory?

A

activated B cells wait for future exposure

37
Q

how can vaccines prepare immune systems?

A

they are stronger because they know how to respond

38
Q

developing treatment for influenze?

A

antiviral agents for universal flu vaccine

39
Q

concerns of flu outbreaks in global society?

A

evolves quickly

40
Q

mode of actions of antiviral meds?

A
  1. attachment
  2. uncoating
  3. release
41
Q

what can a universal flu do?

A

save the world

bio 101 (1 decks)

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