test 4

Question 1

amnesia,

Answer 1

memory impairment

Question 2

agnosia,

Answer 2

deficits in recognition

Question 3

aphasia,

Answer 3

deficits in language

Question 4

apraxia

Answer 4

deficits in motor function

Question 5

Can personality changes be a part of dementia?

Answer 5

personality changes can sometime occur before memory impairment.

Question 6

Know the stages of Alzheimer’s disease.

Answer 6

First stage: preclinical (asymptomatic amyloidosis)
Second stage: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (symptomatic predementia stage of amyloidosis plus some neurodegeneration)
Third Stage:Dementia (amyloidosis with neurodegeneration plus cognitive decline)

Question 7

Know the various medicines used to treat dementia.

Answer 7

cholinesterase inhibitors: general,donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine
Glutamate targets: Memantine,

Question 8

Know the different types of dementia and what causes them

Answer 8

pages 504-505

Question 9

How prevalent is Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 9

could be 1 in every 8

Question 10

Know about the Alzheimer’s dementia amyloid cascade hypothesis

Answer 10

The leading theory for the biological basis of Alzheimer’s deisease centers around the formation of toxic amyloid plaques from peptides due to the abnormal processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) into toxic forms of Abeta peptides.

Question 11

Know which chromosomes are involved with familial Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 11

chromosomes 21,14,1

Question 12

What’s the deal with ApoE, Alzheimer’s and different variants of ApoE?

Answer 12

This protein binds to amyloid peptides in order to remove them. There are three variants of the genes that code for the apolipoprotein called E2,E3, and E4. There are 2 alleles for each person. The E4 variant on chromosome 19 is linked to many cases of late onset Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 13

What biomarkers are used in Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 13

Abnormal radioactive tracer rentention on amyloid PET scans: elevated CSF tau (total and phosphorylated tau)
Low CSF amyloid levels of AB42: decreased FDG uptake on PET
Atrophy on structural magnetic resonance imaging- hippocampal atrophy, ventricular enlargement, cortical thinning.

Question 14

What is the first line treatment for aggression issues in dementia?

Answer 14

SSRI/SNRI

Question 15

What is recommended to treat psychosis?

Answer 15

risperidone?? pg 532

Question 16

Know the definitions in the table on page 540

Answer 16

read page 540

Question 17

How is neuroplasticity related to drug abuse?

Answer 17

When drug behaviors occur often enough to give a “high” or great pleasure and satisfaction. If in happens enough to trigger neuroplastic cascades from ventral to dorsal.

Question 18

What is increased in the brain with drugs that lead to addiction?

Answer 18

all drugs that can lead to addiction increase dopamine

Question 19

What part of the brain is most affected by drug abuse?

Answer 19

Dopamine increases in the ventral striatum also called the nucleus accumbens. It is also called the mesolimbic system.

Question 20

What is hypothesized to be the final common pathway of drug reinforcement and reward in the brain?

Answer 20

“center of hedonic pleasure” The mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Question 21

Know the natural ways to trigger your mesolimbic dopamine neurons to release dopamine.

Answer 21

intellectual accomplishments to athletic accomplishments. experiencing a good symphony to having an orgasm.

Question 22

What is the bodies’ naturally occurring substance for: nicotine, marijuana, morphine/heroin, and
Cocaine/amphetamine?

Answer 22

brains own morphine and heroin (endorphins) brains own marijuana (anandamide)
Brains own nicotine (acetylcholine)
brains own amphetamine (dopamine)

Question 23

Which potentially maladaptive behaviors can result in the release of dopamine that in turn stimulates the reward system?

Answer 23

The impulsive compulsive disorder construct and include behaviors such as gambling, using the internet, shopping, and even eating.

Question 24

Know what receptors nicotine works on.

Answer 24

nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Question 25

Know what medicines are used in smoking cessation.

Answer 25

nicotine replacements, varenicline,

Question 26

Know the synapses alcohol effects in the brain.

Answer 26

enhances inhibition at GABA synapses and reduces excitation at glutamate synapses.

Question 27

Know the medications used to treat alcoholism, or alcohol abuse/dependence.

Answer 27

naltrexone, Acamprostate, disulfiram,

Question 28

What are the three most important opioid receptor subtypes?

Answer 28

μ, δ, κ

Question 29

Know the medicines for opioid treatment and withdrawal.

Answer 29

clonidine, methadone, buprenophine, naloxone,

Question 30

Know what receptors are linked to appetite, food and weight.

Answer 30

Peptides regulate appetite in the hypothalamus. Appetite is regulated by the balance between an appetite stimulating pathway that releases agouti related peptide and neuropeptide Y and an appetitie suppressing pathway that releases a-melanocyte stimulating hormone.