test 4 Flashcards
amnesia,
memory impairment
agnosia,
deficits in recognition
aphasia,
deficits in language
apraxia
deficits in motor function
Can personality changes be a part of dementia?
personality changes can sometime occur before memory impairment.
Know the stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
First stage: preclinical (asymptomatic amyloidosis)
Second stage: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (symptomatic predementia stage of amyloidosis plus some neurodegeneration)
Third Stage:Dementia (amyloidosis with neurodegeneration plus cognitive decline)
Know the various medicines used to treat dementia.
cholinesterase inhibitors: general,donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine
Glutamate targets: Memantine,
Know the different types of dementia and what causes them
pages 504-505
How prevalent is Alzheimer’s disease?
could be 1 in every 8
Know about the Alzheimer’s dementia amyloid cascade hypothesis
The leading theory for the biological basis of Alzheimer’s deisease centers around the formation of toxic amyloid plaques from peptides due to the abnormal processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) into toxic forms of Abeta peptides.
Know which chromosomes are involved with familial Alzheimer’s disease
chromosomes 21,14,1
What’s the deal with ApoE, Alzheimer’s and different variants of ApoE?
This protein binds to amyloid peptides in order to remove them. There are three variants of the genes that code for the apolipoprotein called E2,E3, and E4. There are 2 alleles for each person. The E4 variant on chromosome 19 is linked to many cases of late onset Alzheimer’s disease.
What biomarkers are used in Alzheimer’s disease?
Abnormal radioactive tracer rentention on amyloid PET scans: elevated CSF tau (total and phosphorylated tau)
Low CSF amyloid levels of AB42: decreased FDG uptake on PET
Atrophy on structural magnetic resonance imaging- hippocampal atrophy, ventricular enlargement, cortical thinning.
What is the first line treatment for aggression issues in dementia?
SSRI/SNRI
What is recommended to treat psychosis?
risperidone?? pg 532
Know the definitions in the table on page 540
read page 540
How is neuroplasticity related to drug abuse?
When drug behaviors occur often enough to give a “high” or great pleasure and satisfaction. If in happens enough to trigger neuroplastic cascades from ventral to dorsal.
What is increased in the brain with drugs that lead to addiction?
all drugs that can lead to addiction increase dopamine
What part of the brain is most affected by drug abuse?
Dopamine increases in the ventral striatum also called the nucleus accumbens. It is also called the mesolimbic system.
What is hypothesized to be the final common pathway of drug reinforcement and reward in the brain?
“center of hedonic pleasure” The mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Know the natural ways to trigger your mesolimbic dopamine neurons to release dopamine.
intellectual accomplishments to athletic accomplishments. experiencing a good symphony to having an orgasm.
What is the bodies’ naturally occurring substance for: nicotine, marijuana, morphine/heroin, and
Cocaine/amphetamine?
brains own morphine and heroin (endorphins) brains own marijuana (anandamide)
Brains own nicotine (acetylcholine)
brains own amphetamine (dopamine)
Which potentially maladaptive behaviors can result in the release of dopamine that in turn stimulates the reward system?
The impulsive compulsive disorder construct and include behaviors such as gambling, using the internet, shopping, and even eating.
Know what receptors nicotine works on.
nicotinic cholinergic receptors
