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Organic Chem > TEST 4 > Flashcards

TEST 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

synthesized by photosynthesis in plants

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

examples of carbohydrates

A

grains, cereal, bread, sugar cane

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3
Q

____ is major source of energy

A

glucose

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4
Q

a gram digested carbohydrate gives about __ kcal of energy

A

4

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5
Q

monosaccharide (define + ex.)

A

one sugar (saccharide) molecule
ex. glucose, fructose

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6
Q

disaccharide (define + ex.)

A

two monosaccharides linked together
ex. sucrose, lactose

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7
Q

disaccharides linked together by ____ bonds

A

glycosidic

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8
Q

three to ten monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

A

oligosaccharides

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9
Q

chains of linked monosaccharide units

A

polysaccharides

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10
Q

starch, glycogen, cellulose, are all examples of

A

Polysaccharides

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11
Q

H
|
C = O
|
H - C - OH
|
CH2OH

A

An aldose functional group

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12
Q

CH2OH
|
C = O
|
H - C - OH
|
HO - C - H
|
CH2

A

A Ketose

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13
Q

3, 4, 5, or 6 carbons in ketose or aldose backbone

A

3 = triose
4 = tetrose
5 = pentose
6 = hexose

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14
Q

the study of different spatial arrangements of atoms

A

stereochemistry

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15
Q

a carbon atom that has four different groups bonded to it is called a ____

A

chiral carbon atom

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16
Q

non-superimposable mirror image molecules

A

enantiomers

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17
Q

enantiomers are also called ___ ___

A

optical isomers

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18
Q

one enantiomer always rotates light in a clockwise +

A

dextrorotatory isomer D

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19
Q

other isomer rotates the light in a counterclockwise (-)

A

levorotatory isomer L

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20
Q

A mixture of equal amounts of pair of enantiomers. optically inactive

A

racemic mixture

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21
Q

a pair of stereoisomers having two or more chiral centers and that are not enantiomers

A

diastereomers

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22
Q

a compound with two or more chiral carbon atoms and an internal plane of symmetry it to be optically inactive

A

Meso compound

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23
Q

maltose is ___ sugar

A

malt

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24
Q

lactose is ___ sugar

A

milk

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25
Q

collection of organic molecules grouped based on solubility in non polar solvents

A

lipids

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26
Q

two types of fatty acids

A

saturated or unsaturated

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27
Q

nonglyceride lipids

A

sphingolipids
steroids
waxes

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28
Q

a typical saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons in the chain

A

steric acid

29
Q

a typical unsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons in the chain

A

oleic acid

30
Q

___ fatty acids have no doubles bonds

A

saturated

31
Q

_____ fatty acids do contain double bonds

A

unsaturated

32
Q

double bonds ( lower / raise ) the melting point

A

lower

33
Q

melting point ( increases / decreases ) with increasing carbon number

A

increases

34
Q

act like hormones in controlling the bodys processes. synthesized from 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acids

A

prostaglandins

35
Q

plays crucial role in biological function

A

proteins

36
Q

contains both an amine and an acid

A

a - Amino acids

37
Q

a protein with sugars as prosthetic groups

A

glycoprotein

38
Q

a neutral molecule with equal numbers of positive and negative charges

A

Zwitterion

39
Q

a nonprotein group required in order for a protein to function

A

prosthetic group

40
Q

What interactions are responsible for maintaining quaternary protein structure?

A

ionic bridges
hydrogen bonding
van der Waals forces
disulfide bonds

41
Q

A protein that transports materials across the cell membrane or throughout the body.

A

transport protein

42
Q

an amino acid that can be synthesized by the body

A

nonessential amino acid

43
Q

How does the primary structure of a protein determine its three-dimensional shape?

A

The primary structure determines the locations of the R groups along the protein chain.

44
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds so important to protein structure? (2)

A

It contributes to the stability of the tertiary and quaternary levels of structure.
It maintains the secondary structure of a protein.

45
Q

What is the relationship between pepsin and pepsinogen? (2)

A

pepsinogen is cleaved in the stomach to produce pepsin
pepsin is the active form of the enzyme; pepsinogen is the inactive form of the enzyme

46
Q

What is the purpose of the R groups of the amino acids?

A

the formation and maintenance of the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins

47
Q

_____ inhibits synthesis by acetylating cyclooxygenase

A

asprin

48
Q

fats mainly come from____, unless from fish, and are solid at room temperature

A

animals

49
Q

Oils mainly come from ____, and are liquid at room temperature

A

plants

50
Q

reaction between the carboxyl of the fatty acid and the hydroxyl of an alcohol

A

esterification

51
Q

saturates the double bond

A

hydrogenation

51
Q

saturates the double bond

A

hydrogenation

52
Q

fatty acid reactions

A

esterification and hydrogenation

53
Q

glyceride reactions

A

hydrolysis and saponification

54
Q

produces the fatty acid salts and glycerol

A

saponification

55
Q

produces the fatty acids and glycerol, a reverse of formation

A

hydrolysis

56
Q

In a hydrogenation reaction, ____ fatty acids can be converted into ___ fatty acids.

A

unsaturated , saturated

57
Q

in glyceride hydrolysis ___ ____ are produces from ___

A

fatty acids : esters

58
Q

hard water contains high concentrations of

A

Ca2+ and Mg2+

59
Q

Any lipid containing phosphorus

A

phospholipid

60
Q

Phosphoglycerides contain:

A

glycerol
fatty acid
phosphoric acid with an amino alcohol

61
Q

two categories of sphingolipid

A

sphingomyelins
glycosphingolipids

62
Q

chylomicrons

A

large and have low density
transport intestine -> adipose tissue

63
Q

VLDL

A

made in liver
transport; lipids –> tissues

64
Q

LDL

A

Carry cholesterol from liver to tissues
“bad cholesterol”

65
Q

HDL

A

made in liver
scavenge excess cholesterol
“good cholesterol”

66
Q

bound to membranes primarily through interactions with integral proteins

A

peripheral membrane proteins

67
Q

embedded in and extend through the membrane

A

transmembrane proteins

Organic Chem (4 decks)

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