TEST 4

Question 1

synthesized by photosynthesis in plants

Answer 1

carbohydrates

Question 2

examples of carbohydrates

Answer 2

grains, cereal, bread, sugar cane

Question 3

____ is major source of energy

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

a gram digested carbohydrate gives about __ kcal of energy

Answer 4

4

Question 5

monosaccharide (define + ex.)

Answer 5

one sugar (saccharide) molecule
ex. glucose, fructose

Question 6

disaccharide (define + ex.)

Answer 6

two monosaccharides linked together
ex. sucrose, lactose

Question 7

disaccharides linked together by ____ bonds

Answer 7

glycosidic

Question 8

three to ten monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Answer 8

oligosaccharides

Question 9

chains of linked monosaccharide units

Answer 9

polysaccharides

Question 10

starch, glycogen, cellulose, are all examples of

Answer 10

Polysaccharides

Question 11

H
|
C = O
|
H - C - OH
|
CH2OH

Answer 11

An aldose functional group

Question 12

CH2OH
|
C = O
|
H - C - OH
|
HO - C - H
|
CH2

Answer 12

A Ketose

Question 13

3, 4, 5, or 6 carbons in ketose or aldose backbone

Answer 13

3 = triose
4 = tetrose
5 = pentose
6 = hexose

Question 14

the study of different spatial arrangements of atoms

Answer 14

stereochemistry

Question 15

a carbon atom that has four different groups bonded to it is called a ____

Answer 15

chiral carbon atom

Question 16

non-superimposable mirror image molecules

Answer 16

enantiomers

Question 17

enantiomers are also called ___ ___

Answer 17

optical isomers

Question 18

one enantiomer always rotates light in a clockwise +

Answer 18

dextrorotatory isomer D

Question 19

other isomer rotates the light in a counterclockwise (-)

Answer 19

levorotatory isomer L

Question 20

A mixture of equal amounts of pair of enantiomers. optically inactive

Answer 20

racemic mixture

Question 21

a pair of stereoisomers having two or more chiral centers and that are not enantiomers

Answer 21

diastereomers

Question 22

a compound with two or more chiral carbon atoms and an internal plane of symmetry it to be optically inactive

Answer 22

Meso compound

Question 23

maltose is ___ sugar

Answer 23

malt

Question 24

lactose is ___ sugar

Answer 24

milk

Question 25

collection of organic molecules grouped based on solubility in non polar solvents

Answer 25

lipids

Question 26

two types of fatty acids

Answer 26

saturated or unsaturated

Question 27

nonglyceride lipids

Answer 27

sphingolipids steroids waxes

Question 28

a typical saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons in the chain

Answer 28

steric acid

Question 29

a typical unsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons in the chain

Answer 29

oleic acid

Question 30

___ fatty acids have no doubles bonds

Answer 30

saturated

Question 31

_____ fatty acids do contain double bonds

Answer 31

unsaturated

Question 32

double bonds ( lower / raise ) the melting point

Answer 32

lower

Question 33

melting point ( increases / decreases ) with increasing carbon number

Answer 33

increases

Question 34

act like hormones in controlling the bodys processes. synthesized from 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 34

prostaglandins

Question 35

plays crucial role in biological function

Answer 35

proteins

Question 36

contains both an amine and an acid

Answer 36

a - Amino acids

Question 37

a protein with sugars as prosthetic groups

Answer 37

glycoprotein

Question 38

a neutral molecule with equal numbers of positive and negative charges

Answer 38

Zwitterion

Question 39

a nonprotein group required in order for a protein to function

Answer 39

prosthetic group

Question 40

What interactions are responsible for maintaining quaternary protein structure?

Answer 40

ionic bridges hydrogen bonding van der Waals forces disulfide bonds

Question 41

A protein that transports materials across the cell membrane or throughout the body.

Answer 41

transport protein

Question 42

an amino acid that can be synthesized by the body

Answer 42

nonessential amino acid

Question 43

How does the primary structure of a protein determine its three-dimensional shape?

Answer 43

The primary structure determines the locations of the R groups along the protein chain.

Question 44

Why are hydrogen bonds so important to protein structure? (2)

Answer 44

It contributes to the stability of the tertiary and quaternary levels of structure. It maintains the secondary structure of a protein.

Question 45

What is the relationship between pepsin and pepsinogen? (2)

Answer 45

pepsinogen is cleaved in the stomach to produce pepsin pepsin is the active form of the enzyme; pepsinogen is the inactive form of the enzyme

Question 46

What is the purpose of the R groups of the amino acids?

Answer 46

the formation and maintenance of the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins

Question 47

_____ inhibits synthesis by acetylating cyclooxygenase

Answer 47

asprin

Question 48

fats mainly come from____, unless from fish, and are solid at room temperature

Answer 48

animals

Question 49

Oils mainly come from ____, and are liquid at room temperature

Answer 49

plants

Question 50

reaction between the carboxyl of the fatty acid and the hydroxyl of an alcohol

Answer 50

esterification

Question 51

saturates the double bond

Answer 51

hydrogenation

Question 51

saturates the double bond

Answer 51

hydrogenation

Question 52

fatty acid reactions

Answer 52

esterification and hydrogenation

Question 53

glyceride reactions

Answer 53

hydrolysis and saponification

Question 54

produces the fatty acid salts and glycerol

Answer 54

saponification

Question 55

produces the fatty acids and glycerol, a reverse of formation

Answer 55

hydrolysis

Question 56

In a hydrogenation reaction, ____ fatty acids can be converted into ___ fatty acids.

Answer 56

unsaturated , saturated

Question 57

in glyceride hydrolysis ___ ____ are produces from ___

Answer 57

fatty acids : esters

Question 58

hard water contains high concentrations of

Answer 58

Ca2+ and Mg2+

Question 59

Any lipid containing phosphorus

Answer 59

phospholipid

Question 60

Phosphoglycerides contain:

Answer 60

glycerol fatty acid phosphoric acid with an amino alcohol

Question 61

two categories of sphingolipid

Answer 61

sphingomyelins glycosphingolipids

Question 62

chylomicrons

Answer 62

large and have low density transport intestine -> adipose tissue

Question 63

VLDL

Answer 63

made in liver transport; lipids --> tissues

Question 64

LDL

Answer 64

Carry cholesterol from liver to tissues "bad cholesterol"

Question 65

HDL

Answer 65

made in liver scavenge excess cholesterol "good cholesterol"

Question 66

bound to membranes primarily through interactions with integral proteins

Answer 66

peripheral membrane proteins

Question 67

embedded in and extend through the membrane

Answer 67

transmembrane proteins