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Biomechanics > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

motor pathways are also called what

A

efferent (decending)

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2
Q

sensory pathways are also called what

A

afferent (ascending)

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3
Q

types of nerves

A

motor, sensory, interneurons

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4
Q

interneurons are what

A

allow for other neurons to connect with each other

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5
Q

junction between nerve and muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

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6
Q

action potential

A

electrical chemical signal

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7
Q

in a alpha motor neuron what is the resting membrane potential

A

-70mv (more negative in the inside then outside the cell)

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8
Q

how is ions moved between cells

A

sodium pump

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9
Q

emg stands for

A

electromyography

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10
Q

what does myo stand for

A

muscles

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11
Q

what is surface emg good for

A

superficial muscles, timing of activation, gross control, easy to learn

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12
Q

what is surface emg not good for

A

deep muscles, fine motor contorl, takes alot of skin prep

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13
Q

what is a conductor

A

the inverse of impedance

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14
Q

indellinng electrods are good for

A

fine motor control, single motor unit, deep muscles

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15
Q

draw backs for indwelling elctrods

A

invasive, difficult to learn,

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16
Q

one detection surface is called what

A

unipolar

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17
Q

what is a common detection surface called

A

bipolar electrode configuration

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18
Q

what is a motor unit

A

motor neuron axon and all the motor fibers it activates downstream

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19
Q

small motor units(fine motor control) focuses on what

A

innervation ratio 1:10 (eyeball)

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20
Q

large motor units focuses on what

A

gross motor control force production (big force quads) 1:10,000

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21
Q

types of neuron twitches

A

slow and fast

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22
Q

slow twitch often relates to what kind of work

A

slow motion(small motor units) oxidative (fatigue resistant) (low threshold, how much it takes to fire)

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23
Q

fast twitch often relates to what kind of work

A

glycolytic getting more force and more quickly (highly fatigable) (high threshold takes more to fire)

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24
Q

how do motor units active

A

in a sequential activation (size principle, Heneman’s principle)

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25
Q

size principle description

A

turning motor units on(recruitment) small units first big ones later

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26
Q

hangmen’s principle is what

A

low threshold first then high threshold after (same thing as the size principle)

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27
Q

neural factors

A
  1. activates asynchronous for a smooth contraction
  2. skipping the recruitment order
  3. co contraction(for stabilization) (agonist and antagonist activate at the same time)
  4. bilateral deficit
  5. cross education phenoniums
  6. innervation contractions
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28
Q

synchronization of motor units does what

A

turns all motor units all on

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29
Q

facilitate vs inhibitation

A

facilitate makes it easier inhabitation makes it harder

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30
Q

what is recruitment / decruitment

A

turning on and off motor unit activation due to the need of muscle activation

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31
Q

what are the two ways to alter force production

A
  1. recruitment / recruitment
  2. rate cording
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32
Q

slow twitch and fast twitch pulses per sec is what

A

slow twitch 10-20
fast twitch 30-60

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33
Q

what are the two things that have an net effect on a neuron (sum of all the epsp and sum of all the ipsp)

A

inhibitory(less likely to get across)
excitatory(more likely to get across)

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34
Q

epsp and ipsp stands for what

A

excitatory, inhibitory post synaptic potential

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35
Q

different types of motor behaviors

A

1, voluntary- descending
2, reflective- accending
3, automatic

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36
Q

types of sensory nerves

A

touch, pressure, thermal,

37
Q

myosynaptic excitatory loop is what

A

stretch a muscle it contracts

38
Q

a spindle pathway is also referred to as

A

1a pathway(excitatory)

39
Q

ipsilateral means what

A

same side

40
Q

contralateral means what

A

opposite side

41
Q

the muscle spinndles are doing what on the ipsilateral

A

excites ipsilateral agonist and inhibits ipsilateral antagoinist

42
Q

the muscle spindles are doing what on the contralateral

A

excites contralateral agonist and inhabits contralateral antagonist

43
Q

1b pathway is referred to as

A

gto(inhibitory)

44
Q

gto effects on the ipsilateral

A

inhibit ipsilateral agonist and excite ipsilateral antagonist

45
Q

gto effects on the contralateral

A

inhibits contralateral antagonist and excites contralateral agonist

46
Q

disinhibition is what

A

getting rid of anything that is slowing us down

47
Q

tri phasisc pattern is what

A

if you move a limb on your own voluntarily, rapidly and you stop it on your own, then you get this characteristic 3 round burst on the emg

48
Q

what is the first agonist burst look like

A

the very first spike in the emg

49
Q

what is the first antagonist burst

A

the 2nd spike in the emg

50
Q

what is the second agonist burst

A

the 3rd spike in the emg

51
Q

neuromechanical properties are what two things

A

reflective and automatic

52
Q

central pattern genetics is what

A

primitive control mechanism

53
Q

only place in the body were we get mechanical tension(spring tension mechanism)

A

sarcromere tension is between 100-120

54
Q

what are some added behaviors

A

length tension(stetching), force velocity(left negative = eccentric, right positive= concentric

55
Q

what is the general pattern referring to eccentric isometrics concentric

A

eccentric> isometric >concentric

56
Q

what is length tension and force velocity together

A

force power relationship

57
Q

length tension says at max velocity what do we get for power

A

0

58
Q

what is peak power velocity and max force

A

30%-50%

59
Q

what is a example of neuromechanical stuff

A

stretch shortening cycle(plyometrics)

60
Q

plyo phases

A

1, eccentric (rapid stretch)
2, amortization ( very brief pause)
3, concentric ( rapid )

61
Q

benefits of plyometrics

A

increase force output and increase power

62
Q

all plyos have eccentrics but not all eccentrics are plyo

A
63
Q

neuromechanical response to plyo

A

1, elicit a stretch reflex (excitatory mechanism)(neuro)
2, increase in release of stored elastic energy(mechanical)

64
Q
A
65
Q

motor behavior is comprised of what

A

motor development
motor learning
motor control

66
Q

how do we control movement>

A
67
Q

types of control

A

voluntary control (top down aka hierarchical)
open loop control
closed loop control

68
Q

generalized motor

A

doing something over and over again till we are programed to do it

69
Q

open loop control

A

there is no feedback(once its starts it doesn’t stop)- max fast movement

70
Q

closed loop control

A

with feedback- vision, muscle spindle, joint receptors, pressure receptors

71
Q

what practice is better physicals or mental

A

physicals

72
Q

formula for id

A

id= log2(2d/w) d=distance w=width (the further you move the harder is becomes)

73
Q

reaction time(voluntary)

A

length of time between the onset of a stimulus and the beginning of the resulting movement(ms) (min 100 msec) (improved with pmt)

74
Q

reflex time(autonomic)

A

(ms) length of time between the onset of a stimulus and the beginning of the resulting movement ( less then 100 msec)

75
Q

movement time

A

the length of time that it takes to complete that movement (msec)(degree in motion)

76
Q

response time

A

the mathematical sum of the reaction time plus movement time

77
Q

pmt

A

length of time between the onset of a stimulus like the command to move and the beginning of the emg recording in the agonist (referred to as central processing time)

78
Q

motor time

A

the mechanical delay

79
Q

total reaction time is composed of what

A

pmt + mt

80
Q

simple reaction time

A

one choice reaction time

81
Q

choice reaction time

A

two choice reaction time (longer)

82
Q

hick’s law

A

the number of choices to be made and the length it takes to react longer as the variables increase Time= B * log2(number of choices + 1)

83
Q

avoid mass practice unless its because of what

A

initial practice on real skill, kids, novice, rehab

84
Q

acquisition vs retention

A

acquisition- once you learned it is permanent
retention- doing it over and over to remember

85
Q

chaotic practice is what and what is it good for

A

practicing one skill for a random time then dropping it, good for making the approach deliberate

86
Q

bio feedback is

A

feedback of biological processes that we think is out of our control

87
Q

building a practice design for an athlete whats the best thing to look at

A

1, initially lots of massed
2, fading design with distribution

88
Q

acute(transient) adaptations

A

-warm up(motor control)
-post activation potentiation(the next time the muscle is going to behave better)
-Flexibility(PNF stretching common form is agonist contract(holding limb) or antagonist contraction-pulling limb in the other direction)
-d.o.m.s
-muscle strain
-Fatigue(central drive)

89
Q

chronic(permanent) adaptations

A

-muscle strength(hypertrophy, hyperplasia)
-co contraction
-changes in motor neuron recruitment pool
-dendrite change in spinal cord
-increase coordination(optimal timing and scaling of motor recruitment patterns)
-axonal regeneration
-collateral spouting
-decrease reaction time
-increase in postural sway

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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