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General Psychology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

System by which we retain information and bring it to mind

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2
Q

What is the process of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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3
Q

Define Encoding

A

putting information into memory acoustically, visually, and semantically

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4
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

Remembering something specific by retracing steps

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5
Q

Difference between sensory, short term, and long term memories

A

Short term: 30 seconds, acoustic
Long term: lasts days to a life time
Sensory: less than 4 seconds

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6
Q

Types of sensory memory

A

Iconic- mental visual representations
Echoic- metal represations of sound
Eidetic- recall visual images

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7
Q

Maintenance vs. Elaborative rehearsal

A

Maintenance: repeating information inside the head or to yourself
Elaborative: Things like mnemonic devices

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8
Q

Declarative vs Procedural knowledge

A

Declarative: facts and figures, recalled with conscious effort
Procedural: Habits and motor behaviors, recalled without conscious effort

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9
Q

What is consolidation?

A

a permanent memory is formed following a learning experience

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10
Q

Semantic vs Episodic memory

A

Semantic: factual
Episodic: picture

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11
Q

Retrospective vs Prospective

A

Retrospective: past
Prospective: Future

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12
Q

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

A

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.

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13
Q

Constructionist Theory

A

Brain pieces together stored memories

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14
Q

What are false memories?

A

Cases in which people remember events differently from the way they happened

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15
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Intense personal or historical event that is highly detailed. A lasting memory

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16
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

Demonstrates how easily memories can be influenced.

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17
Q

What are some factors that affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

A

Speed/ease of recall
Confidence level
Subject knowledge
Racial identification
Facial features

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18
Q

What are repressed memories?

A

Rare to forget like childhood trauma

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19
Q

Decay Theory

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus, forgetting curve where we are more likely to forget information in the first hours of memory

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20
Q

Interference Theory

A

Other memories blocking a particular memory.
Include Proactive (blocks new memories) and Retroactive (blocks previous learned) memory

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21
Q

Primary vs. Recency Effect

A

Primary Effect: items near the beginning are more easily remembered
Recency Effect: Items near the end are more easily remembered

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22
Q

Retrieval Theory

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A

Forgetting is due to a failure to access stored material

23
Q

Recall vs Recognition Memory

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A

Recall: fill in the blank, essay
Recognition: multiple choice

24
Q

What is the definition of amnesia?

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A

Partial or total loss of memory

25
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memory of past events
26
Anterograde Amnesia
Can't form or store new memories
27
Dissociative Amnesia
May be too emotionally troubling to remember
28
What is long-term potentiation?
A process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons
29
Karl Lashley
Studied rats brains to see where certain memories are stored in the brain
30
Erik Kandel
Studied snails and long term memory to see biochemical changes at synaptic level
31
Thinking
Representing and manipulating information
32
Concepts of thinking
Logical: clearly defined rules Natural: poorly defined rules
33
Problem Solving
Insight: sudden realization of an answer Algorithm: Step by step problem solving Heuristic: rule of thumb
34
Mental Roadblocks to problem solving
Functional Fixedness: inability to discover a new use for an object Mental set: assumptions or past solutions get in the way of new solutions
35
Roadblocks in Decision Making
Confirmation bias: looking for information that supports our initial beliefs or ideas Representative Heuristic: sample behavior representative of larger population Availability Heuristic: base decisions on examples that we can easily bring to mind.
36
Divergent vs Convergent Thinking
Divergent: many possible solutions Convergent: Rules and logical reasoning
37
Benjamin Whorf
Language doesn't determine thought, but influences it
38
Binet and Simon's Test
measured a child's IQ by mental age/chronological age
39
What is stress?
Pressures placed upon an organism to adjust or adapt to its environment
40
Difference of stress between men and women?
Women: nuture, check on things Men: aggressive, attack the source
41
Sources of stress
Hassles Frustration Life events Acculturative Stress-pressure
42
Types of Conflict
Approach-Approach: Choose between 2 good things Avoidance-Avoidance: Choose between 2 negative things Approach-Avoidance: One goal with positives and negatives Multiple Approach-Avoidance: 2 or more options with positives and negatives
43
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm Stage: action Resistance Stage: higher arousal Exhaustion Stage: reserve energy
44
PTSD
Life threatening events that can reappear
45
Personality A vs Personality B
A: Highly competitive, achievement orientated, impatience--High blood pressure, anxiety-- B: Easy going, relaxed, comfortable
46
Psychological Hardiness
Social Support: commitment Self-Efficacy: open to challenge
47
What is personality?
Relatively stable set of psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that make people unique and account for behavioral tendencies
48
Frued's Psychoanalytic Theory
Behavior determined by subconscious
49
Id, Ego, Superego
Id: pleasure principle "it" Ego: reality principle Superego: Right and wrong
50
Defense mechanisms of Psychoanalytic theory
Repression: expulsion from awareness of unacceptable behaviors Displacement: transfer of unacceptable impulses away from original object to safer one Reaction Formation: behaving in a way opposite of one's true feelings to hide them Rationalization: Self-Justification to explain poor decisions or behavior
51
Jung
Analytical Psychology: emphasis on present than past
52
Adler
Individual Psychology: inferiority complex
53
Horney
feminine psychology
54
Trait Theory
the idea that people differ from one another based on the strength and intensity of basic trait dimensions

General Psychology (1 decks)

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