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Chem 101 Test 4 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Heterogeneous mixtures

A
  • not uniform

- properties vary with sample

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2
Q

homogeneous mixtures

A
  • uniform

- every sample is the same

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3
Q

solute

A
  • substance being dissolved

- present in smallest amount

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4
Q

solvent

A
  • substance doing the dissolving

- present in largest amount

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5
Q

molarity

A

mol/L

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6
Q

moles

A

volume * concentration

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7
Q

▲Hsoln=

A

▲Hsolute+▲Hsolvent+▲Hmixture

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8
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar molecules

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9
Q

hydrophobic

A

non-polar molecules

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10
Q

polar solution

A

polar molecule will dissolve

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11
Q

nonpolar solution

A

nonpolar molecule will dissolve

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12
Q

cations (+)

A

migrate to the negative electrode

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13
Q

anions (-)

A

migrate to the positive electrode

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14
Q

electrolytes

A

substances whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity: ions, ionic and SA

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15
Q

nonelectrolytes

A

substances whose aqueous solutions do NOT conduct electricity: Molecules

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16
Q

K=

A

products over reactants

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17
Q

coulomb’s law

A

F= kq1q2/er^2

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18
Q

when q1 and q2 > 1

A

ionic solids with ions have a high charge, insoluble

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19
Q

when q1 and q2 = 1

A

ionic solids with ions have a low charge, soluble

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20
Q

Ions 0.01-0.10 M

A

moderately soluble

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21
Q

ions > 0.10 M

A

soluble-no precipitate

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22
Q

Ions < 0.01 M

A

insoluble, forms precipitate

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23
Q

oxidizing agent

A

gaining electrons, oxidation # decreases, reduction half rxn

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24
Q

reducing agent

A

losing electrons, oxidation # increases, oxidizing half reaction

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25
Q

reduction 1/2 rxn

A

electrons on reactant side

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26
Q

oxidation 1/2 rxn

A

electrons on product side

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27
Q

spontaneous redox reactions

A

electrons fall downward

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28
Q

nonspontaneous redox reactions

A

electrons go up

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29
Q

best oxidizing agent

A

lowest energy empty orbital

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30
Q

best reducing agent

A

highest energy full orbital

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31
Q

▲G=

A

-nFEcell

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32
Q

n=

A

moles of electrons transferred in a redox reaction

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33
Q

E=

A

Ecathode-Eanode

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34
Q

▲Ecell=

A

Efinal-Einitial

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35
Q

reduction compartment

A

the one with the cathode

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36
Q

oxidizing compartment

A

the one with anode

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37
Q

electrode with metal

A

should be the same element and charge

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38
Q

electrons should transfer

A

from anode to electrode

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39
Q

compartments matter

A

on where the anode and cathodes are

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40
Q

Erxn =

A

Either Ered-Eox or Efinal-Einitial

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41
Q

highest voltage

A

cathode, on bottom

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42
Q

lowest voltage

A

anode, on the top

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43
Q

LEO says GER

A 
Losing
Electrons
Oxiding
Gaining
Electrons
Reducing
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44
Q

salt bridge cations

A

migrate to the cathode

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45
Q

salt bridge anions

A

migrate to the anode

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46
Q

cathode electrode

A

grows

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47
Q

anode electrode

A

shrinks

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48
Q

cathode compartment

A

decreases

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49
Q

anode compartment

A

increases

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50
Q

building redox reactions

A

only use molecules in reactants

51
Q

if you can hold the metal

A

the oxidation state is zero

52
Q

ines are

A

an oxidation state of zero

53
Q

ides are

A

an oxidation state of one

54
Q

galvanic cell

A

spontaneous, chemical energy to electrical energy

55
Q

electrolytic cell

A

non-spontaneous, electrical energy to chemical energy

56
Q

wanted redox chem

A

batteries, rechargeable batteries, electrolytic cells

57
Q

unwanted redox chem

A

corrosion

58
Q

unwanted redox chem

A

corrosion

59
Q

alkaline batteries

A

Zn, OH, MnO2, H2O

60
Q

Button Battery

A

Zn, OH, Ag2O, H2O

61
Q

Car Battery

A

Pb, SO4, PbO2, H

62
Q

galvanic cell when discharging

A

positive voltage

63
Q

electrolytic cell when recharging

A

negative voltage

64
Q

lithium-ion battery

A

holds the most watt-hours per kg

65
Q

nickel-metal hydride

A

medium watt-hours per kg

66
Q

lead-acid battery

A

lowest watt-hours per kg

67
Q

corrosion

A

O2, H+, Fe,

68
Q

corrosion passivation

A

H+,O2, Al,

69
Q

Copper Passivation

A

H2O, CO2, H2CO3

70
Q

Galvanization

A

Protecting metal by using a more reactive one, instead of Fe-O2, main rxn is Zn-O2

71
Q

gold plated metal

A

Au+Sn

72
Q

electrolysis (used to extract many metal from their ores)

A

Ca+Cl

73
Q

hydrogen powered vehicles

A

H2+O2=H2O

74
Q

Arrhenius acid

A

produce OH^- in water

75
Q

Arrhenius Base

A

produce H^+ in water

76
Q

Lewis acid

A

electron pair acceptor, normally has less than 4 regions

77
Q

Lewis base

A

electron pair donor, normally has base pairs

78
Q

Bronsted acid

A

proton donor

79
Q

Bronsted base

A

proton acceptor

80
Q

deprotonation

A

remove an H and make the charge -1

81
Q

protonation

A

addition of an H and make the charge 1+

82
Q

amphiprotic

A

both an acid and a base

83
Q

ide ion

A

hydro_ic acid

84
Q

ate ion

A

_ic acid

85
Q

ite ion

A

_ous acid

86
Q

for all acid names

A

dont forget per or hypo

87
Q

K>1

A

dangerous, should leave room

88
Q

K<1

A

we’re going to be fine

89
Q

Strong acids

A

donates proton easily, smaller amount of electron density holding proton on

90
Q

Weak acid

A

holds on to proton, has larger amount of electron density holds on to proton

91
Q

Strong Base

A

has larger amount of electron density to grab proton

92
Q

Weak base

A

has smaller amount of electron density to hold on to proton

93
Q

weaker the bond

A

stronger the acid

94
Q

stronger the bond

A

weaker the acid

95
Q

lower bond energy, bigger element

A

stronger the acid

96
Q

more polar the bond

A

stronger the acid

97
Q

thicker bond line is

A

more electron density there is

98
Q

more oxygens

A

stronger the acid

99
Q

less oxygens

A

weaker the acid

100
Q

more electronegative center acid

A

stronger acid

101
Q

less electronegative atom

A

weaker acid

102
Q

more electronegative

A

weaker base

103
Q

less electronegative

A

stronger base

104
Q

more electron density

A

stronger base

105
Q

less electron density

A

weaker base

106
Q

anything above H3O+ on acid/base table

A

is a strong acid and strong electrolyte

107
Q

Strong acids

A

large products over small reactants, K>1

108
Q

weak acids

A

small products over large reactants, K<1

109
Q

anything below H3O+ and above H2O on acid/base table

A

weak acid and weak electrolyte

110
Q

anything under H2O on acid/base table

A

not really an acid, conjugates are strong bases

111
Q

no bubbles

A

very negative exponent

112
Q

some bubbles

A

medium negative exponent

113
Q

lots of bubbles

A

positive exponent

114
Q

Krxn

A

Ka(reacting)/Ka(produced)

115
Q

1A (Ionic Salt)

A

Cation and Anion

116
Q

1A (Strong Acid)

A

H3O+ and conjugate base

117
Q

1A (Weak Acid)

A

write weak acid

118
Q

1B (Strong Base)

A

OH1 and conjugate acid

119
Q

1B (Weak Base)

A

weak base and counter ion

120
Q

2

A

Decide if species can act as acids and bases, eliminate spectator ions

121
Q

3

A

Strongest acid and base on reactant side

122
Q

4

A

Conjugate base and acid on product side

123
Q

double arrow

A

K<10^3

124
Q

single arrow

A

K>10^3

Chem 101 Test 4 (1 decks)

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