Test Flashcards
Dweller
Someone who dwells in a particular place
Cimarron
Fugitive slave (maroon)
Punitive expedition
Of military assault with the purpose of punishing a country or group of people
River bed
The channel through which a river flows, The ground on the bottom of the river
Substance farming
Growing just enough food to feed immediate family
Agrarian
Related to farmers and farming
Bozal
A slave who has recently arrived in a country, directly from Africa
Islet
A small island
Plantation
A large farm especially in the tropics or subtropics devoted primarily to a single crop such as sugarcane and cotton
Corsair
Pirate… Argh me MATIES!!!
Magistrate
The spaniards king has a viceroy Who lived in santo Domingo, the highest authority in PR was the “alcalde mayor” or magistrate
1st governor
Juan Ponce de Leon
Diego Colon
Viceroy, lived in alcazande de colon (st. Dom.)
Diego Colon removed Juan Ponce de Leon and appointed…
Juan Ceron as magistrate and Miguel Diaz as alguacil mayor
1510
The king gives the Ponce his title back
PR’s natural resources
Good and Taino labor
16th century
Mining gold in riverbeds, and in Savannas or plains near the river
Rivers that produced gold
Northern coast:
- Rio Grande de Loiza
- La plata
- cibuco
- streams flowing from la sierra to Luquillo
Not all farmers were encomenderos, some were…
Supervisor and foremen
Mining workers were organized into crews:
- digs
- wash the gravel
- separate the gold
- Carry gold to collection areas
- melt/mold
- send to Spain
1/3 workers were…
Women
Bateas
Instrument to separate the gold, gold was heavy so gold dust and nuggets would sink to the bottom
Some tainos were paid for their work with…
Cheap clothing, alpar gatas (sandals) since their nudity offended the spaniards.
During this time many tainos died of…
Malnutrition since the tainos kept most of the food harvested
Spaniards brought in ___ to replace the ___ population
Africans, Taino
Many slaves worked at ___ and ___
Plantations, refineries
The first slaves brought to ___ worked in the ___ mines
PR, gold
The 1530 ___ stated that Africans were a ___ in PR’s population
Census, majority
Most Africans brought in the ___ were ___ , they were believed to be ___ and better suited for the work in the ___ and ___ plantations
16th century, men, stronger, mines, sugar cane
From 16th to 18th century slaves were branded with ___ ___, it was the mark of the ___
Hot, iron, gov.
The mark branded into slaves was called ___ , and it was branded in the ___ or ___ to prove the slaves were ___
Carimbo, face, back, legal
The slaves were sold at an ___
Auction
The slaves worked from ___ to ___ during zafra, when ___ was harvested
Sun up, sun down, sugarcane
The slaves had to…
- Cut the sugar cane
- Carry it to the mill
- remove hard cutter layer
- ground the stalks
- boil the juice
- stir it
- pour it into containers to store it
- transported to oxcarts (to be transported to Europe)
Thousands of Africans died of ___,___ and other causes in the plantations and refineries
Exhaustion, diseases
Maroons and slave rebellions:
1514: some Africans and tainos took part in an uprising, 4 rebels were hanged with trial.
1531: another revolt
Several bozzales, ___ rebelled and killed several ___
Newly arrived slave, spaniards
Gov. ___ subdued the rebelion
Francisco Manuel de Londo
The colonist panicked, the municipal council of ___ considered asking the ___ of ___ to Prohibit the importation of ____ in PR
San Juan, king, Spain, Africans
The did not request the ban on the importation of Africans because…
They needed slaves
1531
The king prohibited slaves from the Wolof people to be imported to PR
Slaves were more likely to ___ and ___ than to rebel
Run, hide
Maroons ___ in the forest and some joined the ___
Hid, tainos
Maroons would form small ___ and raid the spaniards for ___,___ and other items
Communities,food, clothing
Spaniards orginized ___ on the maroons
Ambushes
Once the maroons were captured, they were…
Returned to their owners, or turned over to the authorities and subject to physical punishment
In the eyes of their ___, maroons were a lost ___
Masters, investment
Maroons would ___ from farms and ___ on other slaves to rebel
Steal, incite
Changes in population:
1508: 50,000 to 70,000 tainos
1530: only 4,170 people living in PR, 1,535 tainos, 333 spaniards, 2304 Africans, women were a minority and without them there would be no births
Not only did the tainos and Africans fall but..
Once the gold was finished, the spaniards were left in ruins
These who were obtaining ___ from the mines had to pay a high ___
Gold, almofarizasgo
Almofarizasgo
Customs tot items leaving or entering PR
Alcabala
IVU
The crown asked for ___ of the gold found! this was why many left to Mexico in ___ and Peru in ___
20%, 1520’s,1530’s
