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BioPsych > Test 3 (Weeks 7&8) - Drug Addictions > Flashcards

Test 3 (Weeks 7&8) - Drug Addictions Flashcards

1
Q

Synthetic drug with similar effects to those of cocaine

A

Amphetamines

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2
Q

Cause euphoria, increased confidence and concentration, decreased appetite

A

Amphetamines

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3
Q

Used to treat narcolepsy

A

Amphetamines

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4
Q

Names for Methamphetamine

A

Meth, speed, crank, crystal. Freebase = ice (smokable)

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5
Q

Faces of Meth

A

Acne appears or worsens. suppresses appetite and can lead to undernourishment due to long periods without eating (gaunt hollowed out appearance). “Meth mouth.” Exaggerated aging.

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6
Q

Amphetamines: Mechanism of Action

A

Increases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and leads to a depletion of dopamine.

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7
Q

Produces stimulant psychosis (sensitization) and shows similar symptoms to paranoid schizophrenia.

A

Amphetamines

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8
Q

Addictive substance in tobacco

A

Nicotine

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9
Q

Large does can lead to nausea, vomiting, headaches, convulsions and death

A

Nicotine

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10
Q

Withdrawal = nervousness, anxiety, headaches

A

Nicotine

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11
Q

Nicotine: Mechanism of Action

A

Stimulation of subtype of acetylcholine (nicotinic) post-synaptic receptors. Also activates dopamine neurons through nicotinic receptors. Increases alertness.

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12
Q

Active ingredient in coffee:

A

Caffeine

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13
Q

Causes arousal, increased alertness, and decreased sleepiness:

A

Caffeine

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14
Q

______ indirectly increases the release of dopamine and acetylcholine by blocking adenosine receptors.

A

Caffeine

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15
Q

Withdrawal = headache, fatigue, shakiness

A

Caffeine

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16
Q

Stimulants =

A

Amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine, alcohol (only in low doses).

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17
Q

____ is a stimulant in low doses, reducing cortical inhibition: Decreases anxiety and inhibitions, increases social interactions.

A

Alcohol

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18
Q

High doses can cause sedation, coma and death:

A

Alcohol

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19
Q

Long term use of ______ causes cirrhosis of the liver.

A

Alcohol

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20
Q

Alcohol can be a ____ at low doses, and a ____ at high doses.

A

stimulant, sedative

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21
Q

Withdrawal from ____ can be dangerous.

A

alcohol

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22
Q

High doses of alcohol over a long period of time can cause brain damage due to a _____

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency.

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23
Q

_____ is essential for neural survival. Deficiency leads to neural damage. Taking a lot of calories from alcohol instead of good food. Leading to this deficite.

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency.

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24
Q

Damage to neurons cause by a vitamin B1 deficiency can lead to _____

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome (dementia)

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25
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome (dementia):

A

trouble with making new long term memories due to damage to thalamus.

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26
Q

Delirium tremens:

A

tremors, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, seizures, death.

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27
Q

Alcohol: Mechanism of Action

A

Increases effects at GABA A receptor complex. Increases inhibitory effects. Inhibits release of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter – also produces inhibition. Increases dopamine release

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28
Q

Opiates:

A

Morphine, heroin, methadone

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29
Q

Morphine:

A

derived from the opium poppy

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30
Q

Heroin:

A

synthesized from morphine

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31
Q

Methadone:

A

is synthetic

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32
Q

Opiates are _____(pain relieving, and ____(sleep inducing).

A

Analgesic, hypnotic

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33
Q

Causes euphoria (sense of happiness, of ecstasy)

A

Opiates

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34
Q

Heroin enters the brain _______ than morphine and is _______.

A

more quickly, more addictive

35
Q

Opiates have a high risk of overdose due to:

A

uncertainty of purity of street drug, tolerance causes increase in dose, conditioned tolerance.

36
Q

Opiates: Mechanism of Action

A

Agonist at endogenous post-synaptic opioid receptors.

Indirectly activates dopamine pathways.

37
Q

Body’s natural opioids:

A

Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins.

38
Q

Withdrawal from opiates is:

A

generally mild to severe, not life-threatening.

39
Q

Symptoms of opiate withdrawal:

A

Resembles the flu. Agitation, anxiety, muscle aches, insomnia, sweating, diarrhea, nausea.

40
Q

Marijuana:

A

the dried and crushed leaves and flowers of the Indian hemp plant, Cannabis sativa and Indica.

41
Q

The major psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is ________.

A

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

42
Q

THC binds with ______ receptors on the ______, which ordinarily respond to endogenous cannabinoids (Anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG))

A

cannabinoid, pre-synaptic terminals

43
Q

Endogenous cannabinoids, _____ and _______, are released from postsynaptic terminal.

A

Anandamide, 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG)

44
Q

Marijuana: Mechanism of Action

A

Receptors are on presynaptic terminals. Inhibit release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals. Inhibit the release of glutamate and GABA. Indirectly increases dopamine levels in ventral tegmental area by inhibiting GABA

45
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of marijuana:

A

possible psychological dependence.

46
Q

Marijuana affects THC receptors in the frontal cortex by:

A

Impairing cognitive function and distortions of time and sensory perception.

47
Q

Marijuana affects THC receptors in the hippocampus by:

A

disrupting memory

48
Q

Receptors in areas that affect movement/coordination including cerebellum are affected by:

A

Marijuana

49
Q

Hallucinogens:

A

LSD, psilocybin (mushrooms), mescaline (Peyote cactus), ecstasy.

50
Q

______ cause perceptual distortions in the user.

A

Hallucinations

51
Q

Perceptual distortions caused by hallucinogens include:

A

Light, color, and details are intensified, objects may change shape, sounds may evoke visual experiences, and light may produce auditory sensations.

52
Q

Hallucinogens are chemically similar to the neurotransmitter:

A

serotonin

53
Q

______ stimulate postsynaptic serotonin type 2A receptors (5-HT2A) at inappropriate times or for longer duration

A

Hallucinogens

54
Q

Positive drug effects (pleasure) theory =

A

Addictive drugs are positive reinforcers – produce pleasant emotional states. Drug use is maintained because drugs induce a high that addicts seek repeatedly.

55
Q

Issues with positive drug effects (pleasure) theory =

A

Pleasurable effects need to be huge to counter aversive consequences of drug use and for the memory of the pleasure to initiate further drug use. Weak correlation between euphoria induced by drugs and addiction

56
Q

Many addictive drugs:

A

do not produce powerful euphoric effects when first taken

57
Q

Addicts report:

A

drug is not producing the high anymore but still compulsively seek drug and can’t explain why.

58
Q

Avoidance of withdrawal theory =

A

drugs are re-administered to prevent withdrawal symptoms and can motivate drug taking in some instances

59
Q

There appears to be a dissociation between the pleasurable effects of drugs and how much addicts want to take drugs. Liking drugs __ wanting drugs

A

≠

60
Q

The mesolimbocortical dopamine system:

A

Meso = starts in middle of the brain. Limbo = involving emotion. Cortical = going forward into cortex.

61
Q

The mesolimbocortical dopamine system is activated by:

A

natural rewards such as food, water, sex. Things that activate this system become more desirable.

62
Q

Factors that affect addiction vulnerability:

A

Environment - exposure to drugs; Genetic – some individuals have an increased risk of addiction because of their genetic make-up.

63
Q

______ to the initial effects of alcohol affects subsequent use and the probability of addiction

A

Sensitivity

64
Q

Metabolism of alcohol:

A

Changing alcohol into different chemicals. Alcohol is converted into acetaldehyde through the enzyme ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase). It is then converted to acetate through the enzyme ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase). It will then eventually become CO2 and water before it is excreted.

65
Q

Treatments For Relapse Prevention:

A

Behavioral therapy, Pharmacotherapeutics (drugs)

66
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics (drugs):

A

Replacement therapies – replace addictive drugs (agonists). Block effects of addictive drugs (antagonists). Naltrexone/naloxone (alcohol and opiates). Alter the efficacy of addictive drugs (vaccines)

67
Q

_____ is a long-acting orally administered synthetic opiate used to treat dependence

A

Methadone

68
Q

Disulfiram (Antabuse):

A

inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase causing an increase in acetaldehyde levels.

69
Q

acetaldehyde:

A

Causes facial flushing, nausea, and rapid heartbeat

70
Q

____ facilitates the effects of GABA

A

Alcohol

71
Q

An agonist _____ the effects of natural neurotransmitters.

A

mimics

72
Q

Stimulant psychosis is caused by the process called _____.

A

sensitization

73
Q

_____ is used to treat ADHD.

A

Ritalin

74
Q

Stimulants _____ appetite.

A

decrease

75
Q

The symptoms of paranoia can be mimicked by ______.

A

amphetamine

76
Q

Nicotine produces its main effect through the neurotransmitter ________.

A

Acetylcholine.

77
Q

____ is the active ingredient in ritalin.

A

methylphenidate

78
Q

____ works by altering release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminals.

A

Marijuana.

79
Q

An antagonist _____ neurotransmitter receptors.

A

blocks

80
Q

Cocaine produces its effects by blocking _____ of dopamine.

A

reuptake

81
Q

The main mechanism of action of amphetamines is to ___ the release if dopamine.

A

increase

82
Q

Withdrawal from cocaine is generally _____.

A

mild

83
Q

Reducing the cortical inhibition of lower brain structures produces _______.

A

dementia

84
Q

Alcohol withdrawal can be ______.

A

dangerous

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