Test 3 Study Guide Flashcards
Measurement of Pain
Physiological (EMG, Measures muscle tension)
Biological
Self-Report
Descartes Pain Theory
He claimed that pain came from the brain. He was the first ever to suggest this. His study focused on phantom limb pain and since there was no limb to actually feel pain, he concluded that pain must come from the brain.
Melzack and Wall (1965)
Gate Control Theory
In our Spinal Cord, there is an imaginary gate, and if the gate is open, pain signals will be sent to the brain and the brain will determine what to do. If the gate is closed, it will not receive the information, and the brain can even close the gate
Ex: Getting hurt in a game, but not feeling it until after the game has ended
Melzack and Wall (1993, 2005)
Neuromatrix Theory
The neuromatrix theory of pain proposes that pain is a multidimensional experience produced by characteristic “neuro signature” patterns of nerve impulses generated by a widely distributed neural network-the “body-self neuromatrix”-in the brain.
Pain Pathways - From Start to Finish
Nociceptors (Glutamate, excitatory)
A,C Nerve Fibers
Spinal Cord (Substance P, is either released or not released (pain gate has been closed))
Brain Stem
Thalamus
Limbic System
Amygdala is in the Limbic System, which is
responsible for emotions. This is why we cry when
we are hurt
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Body releases Endorphins
Produced to help relieve pain, reduce stress, and
improve mood.
A level of “bad” LDL cholesterol
100 mg/dL or higher as a young adult was associated with a 64% increased risk for coronary heart disease later in life
About _____ people die of heart disease in the US each year- that’s 1 in every 4 deaths
610,000
In the US, someone has a ‘heart attack’ every __ seconds. That means ~735,000 Americans have a heart attack every year
40
The leading cause of death in both men and women
Heart Disease
Heart disease costs the US about
$200 billion annually; includes the cost of health care services, medications, and lost productivity
The race with the most heart-disease-related deaths
Black Americans, then non-Hispanic Americans, then White, then Hispanic, then Asian or Pacific Islander
Heart and Circulatory System
Cardiovascular System
Goal of Cardiovascular System
move fluid between cells throughout body and the organs that carry out exchange with the environment
The Function of Cardiovascular System
Transport of water, nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body
Removal of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes
Also plays role in maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation) and fluid balance
3 Basic Components of the Cardiovascular System
circulatory fluid, set of interconnected vessels, and muscular pump
Vertebrate Cardiovascular System
Composed of: heart and blood vessels (arteries and veins)
Amazing length: total length of blood vessels in the
average human body is twice Earth’s circumference
Fast: in humans at rest, entire circuit takes about 20
seconds, faster during exertion
Integrated with respiratory, digestive, and endocrine systems
The Heart
Pumps blood in unidirectional flow through four chambers:
1. Right and Left atria
2. Right and Left ventricles
Cardiomyocytes
striated muscle cells found in cardiac tissue
Arteries
carry oxygenated blood from heart to organs throughout body; carry away
branch into vessels of smaller diameter called arterioles
Arterioles
terminate in tiny capillaries (microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls)
Capillaries converge into
venules
Venules converge into
veins, which carry de-oxygenated blood back to heart; carry toward)
All blood vessels have cavity lined with an
endothelium (single layer of flattened epithelial cells)
The smooth endothelial layer
minimizes resistance to fluid flow
The smooth muscle surrounding endothelium
helps regulate the path of blood flow
The outer layer of connective tissue contains
elastic fibers (allows the vessel to stretch & recoil) and collagen (provides strength)
Unlike arteries, veins contain valves. Why?
To maintain a unidirectional flow of blood despite lower blood pressure in vessels
Coronary arteries
supply blood to the heart muscle (myocardium)
Two principal coronary arteries branch off from the aorta:
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Coronary arteries
divide into smaller branches and provide vital blood supply to the myocardium
Because of the movement associated with the beating of the heart, coronary arteries
receive a great deal of strain as part of normal function.
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD):
an umbrella term that includes coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke
Coronary artery disease (CAD):
damage to the coronary arteries, typically through the processes of atherosclerosis & arteriosclerosis
Restriction of blood flow
ischemia
Coronary heart disease (CHD):
damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply
Myocardial infarction (MI):
‘heart attack’; blockage of a coronary artery, which shuts off blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium
Systolic blood pressure (the first number)
indicates how much pressure blood is exerting against artery walls when the heart beats/contracts.
Diastolic blood pressure (the second number)
indicates how much pressure blood is exerting against artery walls while the heart is resting/filling between beats.
Hypertension
“High blood pressure”
About _____ American adults (32%) have high blood pressure—that’s 1 in every 3 adults.
75 million
About ____ U.S. adults with high blood pressure still do not know that they have it (‘silent killer’)
1 in 5
Hypercholesteremia
“High Cholesterol”
Cholesterol is
a waxy, fat-like substance that is essential for human life as a component of cell membranes
Lipoproteins
a soluble protein that carries fat and lipids
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells of the body
Desirable range = < 130 mg/dl
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
carries cholesterol from tissues back to the liver
Desirable range = > 60 mg/dl
Total Cholesterol (TC) =
HDL + LDL + 20% of VLDL (aka. Triglycerides = the main form of fat in the body)
Desirable range = < 200 mg/dl
Cholesterol/HDL ratio
Desirable range = lower than 5:1
Lumen
central space in an artery or vein in which blood flows
Vasoconstriction
narrowing of the blood vessels
Vasodilation
widening of the blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
a process, and refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on artery walls, which can restrict blood flow
Atherosclerosis usually effects
medium to large vessels 1 mm-25 mm in diameter
Atherosclerosis is 1.
Precipitated by an irritant, such as: chemicals from tobacco smoke, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc., which upset the endothelium.
- Endothelial dysfunction
endothelium (the barrier between what is flowing in the blood and the blood vessel itself) starts to break down, causing an injury to the blood vessel. INFLAMMATION!
- LDL & fats traveling in blood will get into
tunica intima.
- Monocytes traveling in blood sense something is wrong, enter the
intima layer, and differentiate into macrophages.
- Macrophages begin to devour the LDL & fat and die from eating too much to become foam cells.
These Macrophages and foam cells are inside of a lake of LDL & fats within tunica intima, and resemble a “fatty streak”
- Smooth muscle cells (SMC)
sense something is wrong and migrate over to the tunica intima space.
- SMC wants to help and they make a fibrous cap
scab, which forms over the lake of fat that has now flowed out into the lumen.
- The radius of the lumen has gotten
smaller, restricting blood flow.
- Plaque may
calcify or rupture leading to a MI or other pathology.
Arteriosclerosis
Decrease the size of the lumen
Occurs with increasing age
Hypertension develops in many cases
Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis often go hand in hand
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD):
an umbrella term that includes coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke
Coronary heart disease (CHD):
damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply
Myocardial infarction (MI):
‘heart attack’; blockage of a coronary artery, which shuts off blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium
Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Programs
Common Goals:
Develop strategies and tools to help patients:
Stop smoking
Eat a low-fat and low-cholesterol diet
Reduce and/or control weight
Reduce or moderate alcohol intake
Increase levels of physical activity
Learn to modify psychosocial risk factors
What were the psychosocial risk factors?
i. Lack of social support
ii. Anger and hostility
iii. Stress, anxiety, and depression
What do people experience after a heart attack or other symptoms of CVD?
Depression, anxiety, anger, fear, guilt, and interpersonal conflict
Above can decrease adherence to medication and lifestyle changes
What were the psychosocial risk factors?
Lack of social support
Anger and hostility
Stress, anxiety, and depression
What do people experience after a heart attack or other symptoms of CVD?
Depression, anxiety, anger, fear, guilt, and interpersonal conflict
Above can decrease adherence to medication and lifestyle changes
Behavioral Factors in Cancer
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the US
1 of 3 adults will die of cancer, usually in old age
What is cancer?
A set of diseases in which abnormal body cells multiply and spread, forming a tumor
A genetic (DNA) disease but most cancer types are not inherited!
Neoplastic cells
New and nearly unlimited growth that robs the host of nutrients “malignant”
Metastasis
Process by which malignant body cells proliferate and spread
Staging: how advanced or how much metastases is observed
Carcinoma
epithelial cells that link the outer and inner surfaces of the body (i.e., prostate, breast, lung)
Sarcoma
muscles, bone, and cartilage
Lymphoma
Lymph system (i.e., Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins) `
Leukemia
blood and blood-producing systems (e.g., bone marrow)
Melanoma
Skin
Risk Factors for Cancer
Smoking
Obesity
Too much UV radiation
Older Age
Family history
Alcohol
Lack of physical activity
Protective Factors for Cancer:
Healthy diet
Regular exercise
Screenings, especially if there’s a family history
Protect your skin with clothes and sunscreen
Stand up regularly
Don’t use tobacco products
