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Biochem Test 3 > Test 3 Sample Questions > Flashcards

Test 3 Sample Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What molecule is responsible for synthesizing T in DNA?

A

Tetrahydrofolate

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2
Q

How does methotrexate kill E. coli in the body?

A

It binds to E. coli DHFR

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3
Q

What drug is used to bind E. Coli DHFR?

A

Trimethoprim

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4
Q

What is the reason Trimethoprim (TMP) is used as antibiotic against E. Coli?

A

TMP’s Kd is ~6 orders of magnitude lower for E. coli DHFR than Human DHFR.

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5
Q

What is the term for a potential drug that binds to a receptor but doesn’t quite fit?

A

Lead Compound

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6
Q

What sites do antibodies bind on antigens?

A

Epitope

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7
Q

Roughly how many antibodies does a typical immune system create?

A

10^8 antibodies

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8
Q

How many epitopes can antibodies bind to?

A

Only 1

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9
Q

How many polypeptide chains does the antibody IgG have?

A

Four

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10
Q

What region of antibody binds to antigen?

A

Variable region/Fab Region

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11
Q

How do you create large numbers of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Immunize mouth with antigen, create hybridoma (lymphocyte/immortal line combo), culture hybridoma

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12
Q

What type of molecules do the antibody drugs Erbitux and Avastin specifically bind to?

A

Growth factors

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13
Q

Why don’t antibodies attack a person’s own cells?

A

In fetal development, immature B cells learn to distinguish self from non-self

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14
Q

What are some roles of carbs in the body?

A

energy, structure, signaling, identification

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15
Q

What’s the difference between an aldose and a ketose?

A

Ketose - has ketone; aldose - has aldehyde

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16
Q

What is the structural difference between glucose and mannose?

A

The hydroxyl group on carbon 2 for glucose is pointing down while the hydroxyl on mannose is pointing up

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17
Q

What is the structural difference between glucose and galactose?

A

the hydroxyl group on carbon 4 for glucose is pointing down and the hydroxyl group for galactose is pointing up

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18
Q

Is fructose considered an aldose or ketose?

A

ketose

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19
Q

Is glucose considered an aldose or ketose?

A

aldose

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20
Q

Define anomeric structure?

A

Stereoisomers that differ in configuration at anomeric carbon

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21
Q

What is the structural difference between amylose and cellulose?

A

amylose: a(1-4) linkage; cellulose: b(1-4) linkage

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22
Q

What sugar monomer distinguishes type A blood?

A

N-Acetylgalactosamine

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23
Q

What sugar monomer distinguishes type B blood?

A

Galactose

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24
Q

Which way do alpha(1-4) linkages point?

A

down (axial); unless first monomer is L instead of D; then alpha points up

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25
Q

Which way do beta linkages point?

A

up (equatorial)

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26
Q

In N-linked glycoproteins, what amino acid is used?

A

Asparagine

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27
Q

In O-linked glycoproteins, what amino acid is used?

A

Threonine

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28
Q

What is the net output of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

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29
Q

What enzyme converts glucose to G6P in glycolysis?

A

hexokinase

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30
Q

What enzyme converts G6P to F6P in glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglucoisomerase

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31
Q

What enzyme converts F6P to F1,6BP in glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK or PFK-1)

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32
Q

What enzyme converts F6P to F2,6BP

A

PFK-2

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33
Q

What enzyme converts F1,6BP to Dihyroxyacetone Phosphate and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate in glycolysis?

A

Aldolase

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34
Q

What converts DAP (Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate) into G3P?

A

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

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35
Q

What enzyme converts G3P into 1,3BPG in glycolysis?

A

G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate) dehydrogenase

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36
Q

What step in glycolysis generates NADH?

A

Step 6

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37
Q

What enzyme converts 1,3BPG to 3PG?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

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38
Q

What enzyme converts 3PG to 2PG (2-phosphoglycerate) in glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase

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39
Q

What enzyme converts 2-Phosphoglycerate to PEP?

A

Enolase

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40
Q

What enzyme converts PEP to pyruvate in glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate kinase

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41
Q

What steps in glycolysis consume ATP?

A

1 and 3

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42
Q

What steps in glycolysis produce ATP?

A

7 and 10

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43
Q

What are the 10 enzymes involved in glycolysis in order?

A

HPPATGPPEP: Hexokinase, Phosphoglucoisomerase, Phosphofructokinase, Aldolase, Triose Phosphate Isomerase, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Phosphoglycerate Kinase, Phosphoglycerate Mutase, Enolase, Pyruvate Kinase

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44
Q

How does the pasteur Effect (addition of O2) affect glycolysis?

A

Slows glycolysis

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45
Q

What are the 2 enzymes involved in glycogen mobilization (breakdown)?

A

glycogen phosphorylase & glucantransferase

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46
Q

What enzyme generates glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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47
Q

What 2 products result from lactase breaking down lactose?

A

galactose and glucose

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48
Q

What 2 products result from sucrase breaking down sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

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49
Q

What enzyme prepares mannose for glycolysis?

A

hexokinase

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50
Q

What enzyme converts UDP-galactose to UDP glucose?

A

UDP Glucose Epimerase

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51
Q

How does galactose enter glycolysis?

A

It is phosphorylated to G1P then converted to G6P

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52
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Metformin?

A

Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which increases cellular AMP thus promoting glycolysis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis (amongst other things)

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53
Q

What is the chemical name for metformin?

A

biguanidine

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54
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate in the cori cycle?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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55
Q

Where is TPP (Thiamine Pyrophosphate) active?

A

In Pyruvate Oxidation and in Citric Acid Cycle

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56
Q

Thiamine Pyrophosphate is involved in which complex of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

E1 (Pyruvate Decarboxylase)

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57
Q

What cofactor is involved in E2 (dihydrolipamide transacetylase) and accepts the activated aldehyde generated by Thiamine Pyrophosphate in E1?

A

Lipoic Acid

58
Q

What is the product of dihydrolipamide transacetylase in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Acetyl-CoA

59
Q

What is the final product of E3 (dihydrolipamide dehydrogenase) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (other than lipoate)?

A

NADH

60
Q

Name the 5 coenzymes used in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Thiamine Pyrophosphate, Lipoic Acid, FAD, NAD+, and CoA

61
Q

What vitamin serves as the primary building block for FAD/FADH2?

A

Riboflavin

62
Q

What vitamin is Coenzyme A generated from?

A

Pantothenic acid

63
Q

What functional group on Coenzyme A allows it to activate acyl groups?

A

thiol

64
Q

What are the 8 enzymes of the TCA cycle?

A

CAIKSSFM: Citrate Synthase, Aconitase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase complex, Succinyl CoA synthetase, Succinate Dehydrogenase, Fumarase, Malate Dehydrogenase

65
Q

What enzyme combines Acetyl CoA & Oxaloacetate to form citrate in the TCA cycle?

A

Citrate Synthase

66
Q

What enzyme is used for the isomerization of citrate into isocitrate?

A

Aconitase

67
Q

What step of CAC is inhibited by NADH?

A

Step 3 (isocitrate -> a-ketoglutarate)

68
Q

What enzyme and cofactor converts isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate?

A

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase & NAD

69
Q

Which step of CAC is similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex mechanism?

A

Step 4 (a-Ketoglutarate -> Succinyl CoA)

70
Q

What enzyme converts a-ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA in the TCA cycle?

A

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

71
Q

Which step of the TCA cycle produces GTP?

A

Step 5 (Succinyl CoA -> Succinate)

72
Q

What enzyme converts Succinyl CoA to Succinate?

A

Succinyl CoA Synthetase

73
Q

What form is fumarate - cis or trans?

A

trans

74
Q

What substrate/enzyme combo is responsible for generating FADH2 in the TCA cycle?

A

Succinate/Succinate Dehydrogenase

75
Q

What enzyme converts fumarate to malate in the TCA cycle?

A

Fumarase (Fumarate Hydratase)

76
Q

Which enzyme generates oxaloacetate?

A

Malate Dehydrogenase

77
Q

Which steps of TCA cycle generate NADH?

A

3, 4, 8

78
Q

Which step of TCA cycle generates FADH2?

A

Step 6 (Succinate -> Fumarate) via Succinate Dehydrogenase

79
Q

What pathway generates NADPH?

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

80
Q

Where does pentose phosphate pathway take place?

A

Cytosol

81
Q

What are some roles of NADPH in the body?

A

Regenerates Glutathione, Lipid Synthesis

82
Q

Why is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway important in the body?

A

Generates DNA/RNA, NADPH and metabolizes pentose sugars

83
Q

What are 2 ways NADH can get transported into the mitochondira?

A

Malate/Aspartate shuttle and the glycerol phosphate shuttle

84
Q

What is an oxidant effective at?

A

Accepting electrons

85
Q

What is a reductant effective at?

A

Donating electrons

86
Q

In Redox, is the species with the higher Eo’ going to be the oxidant or reductant?

A

oxidant

87
Q

How do you calculate delta G under standard state conditions?

A

dG = -nFdEo’

88
Q

What is the name of complex I in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH-Q reductase

89
Q

What is the name of complex II in the electron transport chain?

A

Succinate-Q reductase

90
Q

What complex in ETS does not have a H+ pump to drive oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Complex II

91
Q

What is the name of complex III in the electron transport chain?

A

Q-cytochrome c reductase

92
Q

What protein from the electron transport system is not involved in a complex?

A

cytochrome c

93
Q

What is the name of complex IV in the electron transport chain?

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

94
Q

Which complex converts Oxygen to water in the ETS?

A

Complex IV

95
Q

How does Cyanide affect the production of ATP?

A

Stops e- flow in ETS; Serves as artificial electron acceptor

96
Q

What enzyme regenerates NADH?

A

Malate Dehydrogenase

97
Q

What is the name of complex V in the electron transport chain?

A

ATP synthase

98
Q

Where do oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation occur in the production of ATP?

A

Substrate-level: Krebs & glycolysis; Oxidative: ETS

99
Q

The antibiotic oligomycin acts on which complex in the ETS?

A

Complex V

100
Q

Does ATP synthase pump H+ into the IMS or the Matrix?

A

Matrix

101
Q

What are the names of the 5 complexes in the Electron Transport System?

A

NSQCA - NADH-Q Reductase, Succinate-Q Reductase, Q-cytochrome c Reductase, Cytochrome c oxidase, ATP Synthase

102
Q

Which direction does the gamma subunit of ATP synthase rotate?

A

counter-clockwise (L position becomes T position)

103
Q

After one 120 degree rotation, what position will the O (open) position become?

A

Loose (Think LOT backwards); T becomes O, O becomes L

104
Q

What is the order of beta subunits of the ATP synthase complex, starting with Open?

A

Open - Loose - Tight

105
Q

Trace electron flow through the electron transport chain?

A

NAD - FMN - FeS - CoQ - cyt b - FeS - cyt c1 - cyt c - cyt a - cyt a3 - O2

106
Q

What is the mechanism for liver toxicity by tylenol overdose?

A

Glutathione depletes by conjugating to acetimidoquinone (a tylenol metabolic byproduct); Once glutathione is depleted, acetimidoquinone then attacks thiol groups on liver proteins

107
Q

T or F. Gluconeogenesis has the same number of steps as glycolysis.

A

FALSE

108
Q

What is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

109
Q

Are Reactive oxygen species oxidants or reductants?

A

Oxidants

110
Q

What enzyme converts O2- into H2O2 and O2?

A

Superoxide dismutase

111
Q

What enzyme converts H2O2 into H2O and O2?

A

Catalase

112
Q

Which type of enzyme incorporate Oxygen into its product?

A

Oxygenase

113
Q

What is the difference between an oxidase and an oxygenase?

A

Oxygenase uses oxygen in product; Oxidase does not

114
Q

What type of enzyme acts upon xenobiotics?

A

Cytochrome P450

115
Q

Is cytochrome P450 an oxygenase or oxidase?

A

Oxygenase

116
Q

What types of compounds does cytochrome P450s work on?

A

carcinogens, drugs, steroids

117
Q

What cytochrome P450 enzyme hydroxylates acetaminophen?

A

CYP2E1

118
Q

What amino acid is used in glutathione in the liver?

A

cysteine

119
Q

Name the 4 bypass enzymes for gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

120
Q

In glycolysis, pyruvate kinase converts PEP to pyruvate. What 2 enzymes are required to reverse this reaction (ie. Convert Pyruvate to PEP) in gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase & PEPCK

121
Q

What 4-carbon intermediate is generated in gluconeogenesis when converting pyruvate into PEP?

A

Oxaloacetate

122
Q

What are the substrates needed to form oxaloacetate from pyruvate using the pyruvate carboxylase enzyme?

A

pyruvate + CO2 + H2O + ATP

123
Q

In glycolysis, F6P is converted into F1,6BP by PFK. What enzyme is required to reverse this reaction (ie - F1,6BP -> F6P) in gluconeogenesis?

A

F1,6BPase (Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase)

124
Q

What enzyme in glycolysis reverses the actions of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase in gluconeogenesis?

A

Hexokinase

125
Q

What 2 molecules are shuttled out of liver mitochondria to serve as initial substrates of gluconeogenesis?

A

oxaloacetate and PEP

126
Q

If the malate/aspartate shuttle moves oxaloacetate out of the mitochondria, what moves PEP out?

A

PEP Transporter

127
Q

In gluconeogenesis, where does the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate occur?

A

Inside mitochondria

128
Q

Where does the majority of gluconeogenesis occur?

A

In the cytosol of liver cells

129
Q

What is the net consumption of gluconeogenesis to convert 2 pyruvate to glucose (ie - how many ATP, etc)?

A

4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH

130
Q

Name 4 substrates that enter gluconeogenesis other than pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and PEP?

A

lactate, alanine, propionate, glycerol

131
Q

What process converts lactate to glucose in the liver when muscles are working under anaerobic conditions?

A

Cori cycle

132
Q

How does increasing levels of PFK-2 affect glycolysis?

A

Upregulates

133
Q

Does F2,6BP increase rate of glycolysis? Gluconeogenesis?

A

Increases glycolysis. Decreases Gluconeogenesis

134
Q

What happens to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis when cAMP added?

A

Glycolysis - down, gluconeo - up

Increased cAMP decreases F2,6BP

135
Q

How does decreasing pH affect glycolysis?

A

Downregulates

136
Q

How does citrate affect gluconeogenesis?

A

Upregulates

137
Q

How does the activation of PKA affect glycolysis?

A

Downregulates

cAMP activates PKA, PKA inhibits PFK-2, depleting F1,6BP

138
Q

How does Acetyl CoA affect gluconeogenesis?

A

Upregulates

139
Q

What is the main regulator for gluconeogenesis?

A

F2,6,BP

140
Q

What is UDP-glucose used for?

A

To add an a(1-4) glucose unit to glycogen

141
Q

What 3 enzymes are used to convert glucose to UDP-glucose?

A

hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

142
Q

What enzyme uses UDP-glucose to make glycogen?

A

glycogen synthase

Biochem Test 3 (1 decks)

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