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MS2 - MBB > Test 3 Review Deck > Flashcards

Test 3 Review Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used for inputs from the cortex to the striatum?

A

Glutamate

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2
Q

What are the five cardinal motor features of Parkinson’s?

A

TRAPS

Tremor (pill-rolling resting)

Rigidity (cogwheel)

Akinesia/bradykinesia

Postural instability

Shuffling gait

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3
Q

What occupational exposures and occupations are associated with increased risk of developing Parkinson’s?

A

Exposures: agent orange, paraquat, rotenone

Occupations: welders, farmers

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4
Q

Beating the shit out of your bed partner in your sleep is a possible predictor of developing which neurological disease 10-20 years later?

A

REM sleep behavior disorder –> Parkinson’s

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5
Q

What is the number one treatment for chorea as seen in Huntington’s disease?

A

Tetrabenazine

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6
Q

What is the trinucleotide sequence associated with Huntington’s? How many repeats are associated with 100% penetrance of the disease? How many repeats are normal?

A

CAG

40+ –> disease

29 or less is normal

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7
Q

What is your Dx?

A

Huntington’s (atrophy of the caudate)

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8
Q

What structure is affected by the ring-enhancing lesion seen in the photo? How would this manifest clinically?

A

That lesion is in the sub-thalamic nucleus, which normally suppresses movement.

This would present clinically as unilateral hemiballismus (huge jerky and sudden movements)

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9
Q

Self-medication with ________ may help reduce tremors in people with essential tremor.

A

alcohol

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10
Q

Name three drugs and one procedure that treats essential tremor.

A
  1. Propranolol
  2. Primidone
  3. Topiramate

Procedure: deep brain stimulation

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11
Q

Describe some presenting symptoms of optic neuritis and one clinical exam finding.

A

Blurry vision

Decreased acuity

Eye pain, worse with movement

Exam finding: afferent pupillary constriction defect

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12
Q

What is a Lhermitte sign and what disease is a positive sign associated with?

A

Chin-to-chest

Is positive, patient feels electric shocks running down spine

Positive in MS, meningitis

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13
Q

Relapsing-remitting MS may progress to what type of MS?

A

Secondary progressive MS

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Audition of which frequencies are lost as people age?

A

Higher frequencies are lost with age

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16
Q

Normal intraocular pressure is less than _____ mmHg

A

22 mmHg

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17
Q

What are the risk factors for cataract development?

A

Increased age

Smoking

Diabetes

UV light exposure

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18
Q

Amblyopia is characterized as vision loss due to deprivation of the visual cortical areas during the critical developmental period, resulting in the lack of formation of the _______ _______ column.

A

ocular dominance column

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19
Q

Name four underlying causes of amblyopia.

A

Congenital cataracts

Anisometropia (unequal refractive power)

Strabismus

Ptosis

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20
Q

What is myopia?

A

Near-sightedness - you can only see shit when its up close

Either from your eye being too long or too much refractive lens power (image is formed in front of the retina)

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21
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Far-sightedness - you can only see shit at far distances

Due to too little refractive lens power or the eye being too short (image is formed behind the retina)

22
Q

Dry AMD is characterized by a build-up of ______. How is it treated?

A

drusen

Treat with anti-VEGF (intravitreal injections every 4-6 weeks)

23
Q

What causes wet AMD?

A

Neovascularization of the choroid

24
Q

What are the two forms of diabetic retinopathy? What is the treatment for each (other than blood sugar control)?

A

For macular edema: intravitreal anti-VEGF

For proliferative: pan-retinal coagulation and vitrectomy

25
Q

Old person with jaw claudication, bouts of temporary blindness, and muscle aches. What is your Dx? What is the treatment?

A

Temporal (giant cell) arteritis. Treat w/ high dose steroids.

26
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei regulates circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic

27
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei are responsible for increasing thermogenesis when you get cold?

A

Posterior nuclei and peroptic anterior (POA)

28
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus do?

A

Contains magnocellular neurons that make ADH, oxytocin (neurohypophysis) and parvocellular neurons that make all the hormones that act on the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

29
Q

What does the dorsomedial nucleus do?

A

Integrates shit, makes u hungry

30
Q

What do the mammillary bodies do?

A

Memory (conversion of short to long-term)

31
Q

What tract serves for sympathetic outflow from the hypothalamus? What about parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic: hypothalamospinal tract

Parasympathetic: dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

32
Q

What is the triad of Horner’s syndrome?

A

Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis

33
Q

What area in the brain is responsible for laying down new, declarative memories?

A

Hippocampus

34
Q

The medial forebrain bundle connects the hypothalamus with the nucleus ________ in the striatum and is involved with…?

A

connects the hypothalamus with the nucleus accumbens in the striatum; involved in reward

35
Q

What part of the brain looks like a cinnamon roll?

A

Hippocampus

36
Q

How do you treat Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

IV thiamine before giving any glucose

37
Q

Name four major clinical features of narcolepsy. Name one lab test that is suggestive of the diagnosis of narcolepsy.

A

Sleepiness, hallucinations, cataplexy, sleep paralysis.

Test: CSF hypocretin/orexin will be low

38
Q

What is the first line treatment for chronic insomnia?

A

Better sleep hygeine and cognitive behavioral disorder.

39
Q

Name three secondary causes of restless leg syndrome and one lab test you should get for someone if their history suggests the diagnosis.

A

Iron deficiency, pregnancy, end-stage renal disease.

Check serum ferritin.

40
Q

Regarding Broca’s aphasia, state whether or whether not a patient will have…

fluent speech

ability to repeat words

comprehension

A

Nonfluent, no repitition, comprehension is intact

41
Q

Regarding Wernicke’s aphasia, state whether or whether not a patient will have…

fluent speech

ability to repeat words

comprehension

A

Fluent speech, no ability to repeat, comprehension NOT intact

42
Q

Regarding conduction aphasia, state whether or whether not a patient will have…

fluent speech

ability to repeat words

comprehension

A

Speech is fluent, no ability to repeat, comprehension intact

43
Q

Strokes involving the non-dominant hemisphere often affect one’s ________.

A

attentiveness (eg. hemineglect)

44
Q

In a patient with hemineglect, is the side of neglect ipsilateral to, or contralateral to the lesion?

A

Contralateral

45
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for dementia?

A

2 or more impairments of different aspects of cognition that end up interfering with one’s ability to work/function.

  • decline from previous ability
  • not explained by delirium or other disorder
46
Q

A patient presents with Parkinsonian-like motor problems, but also seems demented. They also complain of vivid hallucinations. What is your Dx?

A

Lewy body dementia

47
Q

Name major clinical features of frontotemporal dementia.

A

Loss of inhibition (hyperphagia, doing lewd shit, being inappropriate), loss of empathy

48
Q

Describe how cerebral palsy progresses.

A

It doesn’t!

49
Q

Describe the gross motor classification system (GMCS) for CP patients aged 6-12.

A

Ambulatory:

I: one can barely notice a problem

II: can walk without aids

III: can walk with aids

Non-ambulatory:

IV: needs wheelchair most of time; can stand

V: needs power wheelchair all the time

50
Q

What is a single-event multi level surgery for a CP patient?

A

When surgeons wait until several orthopedic issues (eg. tendon lengthening) may be operated on at once so the patient isn’t in the hospital all the fucking time.

MS2 - MBB (8 decks)

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