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Anatomy > test 3 qrt. 2 > Flashcards

test 3 qrt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Motor neurons degenerate over time, resulting in paralysis that gradually worsens

A

ALS

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2
Q

what is the cause of ALS

A

unknown

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3
Q

Common characteristics of ALS

A

malfunctioning mitochondria, inflammation, and generation of free radicals that damage DNA and tissue

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4
Q

what is the prognosis of ALS

A

death within 3-5 years due to muscles that allow for breathing being broken down and resulting in suffocation

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5
Q

nerve supply to a muscle is destroyed, the muscle loses tone, and is no longer stimulated by the destroyed nerved. causes the muscle to become flaccid and begin atrophy

A

flaccid paralysis

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6
Q

what is the cause of flaccid paralysis

A

accidents that would sever a nerve, lower motor neuron lesion

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7
Q

common characteristics of flaccid paralysis

A

muscle atrophy and muscles become flaccid

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8
Q

prognosis of flaccid paralysis

A

most often stays permanent throughout life

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9
Q

condition that increases muscle tone until the muscle is no longer controllable

A

spastic paralysis

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10
Q

what is the cause of spastic paralysis

A

bacterial toxin and lesions of upper motor neurons

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of spastic paralysis

A

increased muscle tone and uncontrollable spasms

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12
Q

what is the prognosis of spastic paralysis

A

most often stays permanent throughout life

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13
Q

also called wryneck; the neck remains rotated towards one side

A

torticollis

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14
Q

what is the cause of torticollis

A

injured sternocleidomastoid muscles, mostly occurs from difficult births

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15
Q

characteristics of torticollis

A

neck rotated towards one side

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16
Q

prognosis of torticollis

A

can be fixed through physical therapy

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17
Q

a group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases that affect specific muscle groups

A

muscular dystrophy

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18
Q

what is the cause of muscular dystrophy

A

diseased muscles fibers lack a protein (dystrophin) that help maintain sarcolemma

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19
Q

characteristics of muscular dystrophy

A

muscles appear enlarged, fat and connective tissue deposits, and muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy

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20
Q

prognosis of muscular dystrophy

A

congenital and progressively spreads

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21
Q

most common form of muscular dystrophy

A

duchennes muscular dystrophy

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22
Q

almost exclusively affects boys; rarely live beyond their twenties from respiratory failure

A

duchennes muscular dystrophy

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23
Q

autoimmune disease affecting muscles; characterized by weakness and fatigue due to shortage of acetylcholine receptors

A

myasthenia gravis

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24
Q

what is the cause of myasthenia gravis

A

antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors

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25
Q

characteristics of myasthenia gravis

A

droooping upper eyelids, difficulty swallowing and talking, and generalized muscle weakness and fatigue

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26
Q

prognosis of myasthenia gravis

A

usually leads to respiratory failure

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27
Q

in fetal development ________is laid down first followed by the nerves

A

developing embryos the muscular system

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28
Q

in early pregnancy the muscles of the ____________ become very extensive because they must cover and move the bones of the limbs

A

thoracic and lumbar regions

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29
Q

first movements of the fetus occur by the _____ week of pregnancy

A

16th

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30
Q

after birth a baby’s movements are all

A

gross types of movements

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31
Q

a babys nerves must mature in order to

A

gain muscle control and coordination

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32
Q

we track nervous system function by observing a babys

A

development of muscle control

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33
Q

babys development proceeds in a ___________ direction and in a _________ direction

A

superior/inferior
proximal/distal

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34
Q

the peak level of developmental of natural control

A

midadolecense

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35
Q

can be fine tuned by athletic training

A

midadolecense

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36
Q

is extremely resistant to infection due to rich blood supply

A

skeletal muscle

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37
Q

is vital to keep the blood supply healthy

A

good nutrition

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38
Q

like bones,_______ will atrophy if not used continually

A

muscles

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39
Q

keeps the whole body operating at its best possible level;

A

a lifelong program of regular exercise

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40
Q

in aging the amount of connective tissue in muscles _______; the amount of muscle tissue______ causing muscles become stronger

A

increases;decreases

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41
Q

in aging body weight begins to decline as _______ naturally declines

A

muscle mass

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42
Q

in aging ________ decreases by Abt 50% by age 80

A

muscle strength

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43
Q

can help offset the affects of aging

A

regular exercise

44
Q

neuromuscular condition in which brain damage leads to a lack of control with spastic movement

A

cerebral palsy

45
Q

largest single cause of physical disability in children

A

cerebral measure

46
Q

what is the cause of cerebral palsy

A

temporary lack of oxygen to the baby

47
Q

characteristics of cerebral palsy

A

seizures, intellectually disabled, impaired hearing or vision, poor motor control and spasms

48
Q

prognosis of cerebral palsy

A

congenital, life-long condition

49
Q

failure of the cerebrum to develop

A

anecphaly

50
Q

cause of anecphaly

A

n/a

51
Q

characteristics of anencephaly

A

cannot see hear, or process sensory information

52
Q

anencephaly prognosis

A

babies typically die soon after birth

53
Q

incomplete formation of the vertebrae, often in the lumbosacral region

A

spina bifida

54
Q

spina bifida cause

A

n/a

55
Q

least serious characteristics of spina bifida

A

a dimple, a tuft of hair, appears over the site of malformation, but no neurological problems occur

56
Q

most serious characteristics of spin bifida

A

meninges, nerve roots, and even part of the spinal cord protrude from the spine, rendering the lower part of the spinal cord functionless

57
Q

characteristics of spina bifida

A

unable to control bowels or bladder and the lower limbs are paralyzed

58
Q

prognosis of spina bifida

A

surgery, therapy, and mobility aids

59
Q

are the leading cause of accidental death in the US

A

head injuries

60
Q

is a brain injury that is reversible; may cause dizziness, see stars, or lose consciousness

A

concussion

61
Q

brain damage that cannot be reversed

A

contusion

62
Q

if only the cerebral cortex is injured

A

the individual may remain conscious

63
Q

if severe damage is caused to the brain stem

A

it will result in a coma

64
Q

bleeding in cranial vault, including the brain

A

intracranial hemorrhage

65
Q

swelling of the brain

A

cerebral edema

66
Q

commonly called strokes; a condition in which brain tissue is deprived of a blood supply, as in blockage of a cerebral blood vessel

A

cerebrovascualr accidents (CVAs)

67
Q

one sided paralysis

A

hemiplegia

68
Q

loss of ability to use or understand language, including the loss of motor speech function

A

aphasia

69
Q

result of damage to the left cerebral hemisphere

A

cva

70
Q

damage to Broca’s area

A

motor aphasia

71
Q

a person loses the ability to understand written or spoken language

A

sensory aphasia

72
Q

autoimmune disorder of the CNS where the myelin sheaths are converted into hardened sclerosis in the brain and spinal cord

A

multiple sclerosis

73
Q

cause of multiple sclerosis

A

n/a

74
Q

multiple sclerosis characteristics

A

loss of control of muscles and visual and speech disturbances

75
Q

multiple sclerosis prognosis

A

become increasingly disabled

76
Q

type a peopl

A

always work push themselves, most likely to have heart disease, high blood pressure, and ulcers

77
Q

inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord

A

meningitis

78
Q

cause of meningitis

A

virus or bacteria

79
Q

meningitis characteristics

A

encephalitis (brain inflammation)

80
Q

meningitis prognosis

A

fatal if left untreated

81
Q

water in the brain

A

hydrocephalus

82
Q

hyrdocephalus cause

A

something obstructing the csf

83
Q

hydrocephalus characteristics

A

enlarged head, restriction to blood flow in the brain, and brain damage to soft tissue

84
Q

hydrocephalus prognosis

A

treated surgically by inserting a shunt (plastic tube) to drain the excess fluid into a vein

85
Q

associated with low acetylcholine levels and abnormally high amounts of beta-amyloid peptide

A

alzheimers

86
Q

alzheimers cause

A

n/a

87
Q

alzheimers characteristics

A

memory loss, dementia loss, short attention span and disorientation, eventual language loss

88
Q

alzheimers prognosis

A

degenerative changes develop over several years

89
Q

abnormally low dopamine levels in the basal nuclei resulting in overactive motor neurons that cause tremors

A

parkinsons

90
Q

parkinsons cause

A

n/a

91
Q

parkinsons characteristics

A

persistent tremor at rest, forward bent gait, stiff facial expression, troubl initiating movement

92
Q

parkinsons prognosis

A

n/a

93
Q

hereditary disease during middle age leading to the degeneration of basal nuclei and the cerebral cortex

A

Huntington’s disease

94
Q

Huntington’s disease cause

A

n/a

95
Q

Huntington’s disease characteristics

A

wild, jerky, continuous flapping movements called chorea, lack of focus fatigue, and irritability

96
Q

Huntington’s disease prognosis

A

10 to 30 years from onset of symptoms

97
Q

nervous system forms during the first month of

A

embryonic development

98
Q

maternal infection early in pregnancy can have

A

extremely harmful effects

99
Q

______ in the mother often causes deafness in the child

A

rubella

100
Q

a mother that does________may sentence her baby to brain damage due to their effects on blood flow

A

smokes, drugs, gets radiation

101
Q

nervous system grows and matures throughout childhood due to

A

increased myelination

102
Q

brain reaches maximum weight as a

A

young adult

103
Q

as we grow older the sympathetic nervous system becomes

A

less efficient

104
Q

usual cause of nervous system deterioration is

A

circulatory system problems

105
Q

hardening of artery

A

arteriosclerosis

Anatomy (16 decks)

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