Test 3: Natural Law, Virtue Ethics, Religion Flashcards
One philosopher who does not agree that there is such a thing as human nature is
a. St. Augustine.
b. Locke.
c. Sartre.
d. Aristotle.
c. Sartre.
The Declaration of Independence draws on the theory of
a. Plato.
b. Locke.
c. Aristotle.
d. Hobbes.
b. Locke.
Which American philosopher and president admired and used John Locke's work in justifying and planning the American
Revolution?
A. Thomas Jefferson
B. John Quincy Adams
C. George Washington
D. John AdamsA. Thomas Jefferson
One problem for natural rights theory is that not everyone agrees on what human nature requires.
True
Moral laws are descriptive generalizations of fact.
False
The natural state of human liberty is a state of license according to Locke.
False
The idea that the basic moral law can be known by human reason and that we know what it requires by
looking to human nature are two of the tenets of natural law theory.
True
Moral requirements cannot be grounded in human nature according to natural rights theory.
False
Evolutionary theory may present a challenge to natural law theory.
True
For Locke every person has a distinct right to punish those who transgress the natural law.
True
Aristotle was the first philosopher to develop a complex ethical philosophy related to the ideas of
True
Civil law is prescriptive and as such tells us how we ought to behave.
True
According to Thomas Aquinas, humans are naturally inclined to be good based on reason.
True
“Laws of nature” is another way of referring to natural law theory.
False
Existentialists like Sartre believe that essence precedes existence.
False
For Thomas Aquinas all laws created by humans are derived from natural law.
False
According to Rorty, there is no common human nature to use as a moral reference point.
True
Locke argued all humans should be treated equally because we all have the same basic nature.
True
Natural Law ethics is the view that universal moral values can be discovered in nature by using the
faculty of reason.
True
King, Jr. argued that civil disobedience is moral if it does not conflict with Human Law.
False
. The ethical theory that focuses on the moral quality of individual character rather than individual
actions is:
A virtue ethics.
B deontology.
C consequentialism.
D all of the above
E none of the aboveA virtue ethics.
Which of the following was not mentioned by MacKinnon as an example of the focus of virtue ethics?
a. How to treat ones co-workers.
b. How honest one should be.
c. How to pick a side in the debate of a major social issue.
d. What is fair in a particular situation.
c. How to pick a side in the debate of a major social issue.
Virtue Ethics helps us determine
a. Whether an action is moral.
b. Whether a form of ethical reasoning is virtuous.
c. How to calculate between consequential and nonconsequential reasoning.
d. How we ought to be.
d. How we ought to be.
Which virtue does Philippa Foot identify as benefiting community rather than self?
a. Temperance
b. Charity
c. Wisdom
d. Courage
b. Charity
According MacKinnon and Fiala, in the USA to say we value courage, patriotism, and loyalty would
suggest we are
a. A society willing to stand for what we believe.
b. A warlike society.
c. A just society.
d. A prosperous society.
b. A warlike society.
According to Aristotle the good is
a. The end to which all things aim.
b. The best option available.
c. That which gives the best consequence.
d. That which makes one happy.
a. The end to which all things aim.
According to Philippa Foot a virtue is a perfection of a. Mind. b Action. c. Reasoning. d. Will.
d. Will.
Honesty, benevolence, nonmalevolence, fairness, kindness, conscientiousness, and gratitude are
considered which of the following?
A. religious ethics B. nonmoral virtues
C. moral ethics D. action virtues
C. moral ethics
The approach to moral theory that involves acting properly to follow moral rules and judging
people based on how they act is know as:
A. ethically-based B. virtue-based
C. morally-based D. action-based
D. action-based
The Virtue of nonmaleficence is derived from the principle of:
A. duty to be just B. duty to tell the truth
C. duty not to harm D. duty to become sensitive to one’s duty
C. duty not to harm
Pluralistic ethicists, like virtue theorists, must reject the _____________.
A. reductionist thesis, the action-nature of the rules thesis and the instrumental value thesis B. action-nature of the rules thesis C. reductionist thesis and the instrumental value thesis
D. instrumental value thesis and the action-nature of the rules thesis
A. reductionist thesis, the action-nature of the rules thesis and the instrumental value thesis
Which of the following is not one of Plato’s four cardinal virtues?
A. wisdom B. charity
C. courage D. temperance
B. charity
Who argued that to be virtuous is to seek the “Golden Mean?” A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre
A Aristotle
For Aristotle, everyone should pursue “happiness.”
True
Virtues are related to everyday life in that they are more personal, having to do with personal ideals and
how one wants to live one’s life
True
When Aristotle said that virtue was an excellence of some sort he meant that they are built on human
nature and are perfected it in some way.?
True
In a society in which life was difficult and people faced threats all of the time, the virtue of courage
might be especially helpful and important.
True
In a society in which skills needed to participate took many years to develop, the virtue of persistence
might be especially important.
True
Virtues are positive traits of character.
True
The opposite of virtue is vice.
True
Virtue ethics emphasizes how we should determine what the right course of action is at any given time.
False
The virtue of courage should enable one to face danger.
True
Aristotle argued that the accumulation of moral actions builds a consistent moral character
True
The Theological Virtues include faith, hope, and courage
False, love, not courage
Pluralistic (Complemtarity) Ethics states that only virtue ethics is helpful in successfully
living the moral life
False, both action-based and virtue-based are needed Pojman &
Fieser, 2012, p. 163.
Virtue theory says that morality involves producing excellent persons who act well out of
spontaneous goodness and serve as examples to inspire others.
True, Pojman & Fieser,
2012, p. 147.
Proponents of Pluralistic (Complemtarity) Ethics point out to advocates of the standard
action-based view that it is better to desire to do the right thing and carry it out, than to do the
right thing, yet have mixed emotions. In other words, attitude and actions are important.
Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 164.
As part of the criticisms of Action-Based Ethics being minimalist, the virtue theorists
says that one of the duties of all people is to become a moral person
True, Pojman &
Fieser, 2012, p. 156
Proponents of Pluralistic (Complemtarity) Ethics claim that advocates of the standard
action-based view ignore are obligation to do the right thing.
False, there emphasis stops here.
Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 163.
Proponents of Pluralistic (Complemtarity) Ethics point out that the Standard Action-
based View leads to the idea that it does not matter what your motivations are, as long as you
do the right thing.
True, Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 164.
In which society did tolerance and pluralism originate?
a. Western Europe, during the enlightenment.
b. Ancient Greece.
c. Ancient Rome.
d. Many societies across the world, throughout history.
d. Many societies across the world, throughout history.
Which approach is aimed at finding common ground between world religions and cultural
traditions?
a. Religious pluralism.
b. The Golden Rule.
c. The Golden Mean.
d. Value Pluralism.a. Religious pluralism.
Which thinker did not promote civil disobedience as a method for protesting and reforming law systems?
a. Thoreau.
b. Kant.
c. Gandhi.
d. King Jr.
b. Kant.
After which major international conflict was the United Nations formed?
a. World War I.
b. The Boer War.
c. The Civil War.
d. World War II.
d. World War II.
Which amendment of the US Constitution proclaims religious liberty?
a. First.
b. Second.
c. Third.
d. Fourth.
a. First.
A religion that is considered to have essentially a secular system of thought is:
A. Buddhism B. Hinduism
C. Confucianism D. Taoism
C. Confucianism
According to the Divine Command Theory, ethical principles are:
A. revealed to selected individuals over the course of history.
B. interpreted only by ecclesiastical hierarchy.
C. intrinsic to worshipping a God.
D. simply the commands of God
D. simply the commands of God
The opposing viewpoint that denies the theses of the Divine Command Theory is
which of the following?
A. the independence thesis B. the humanism thesis
C. the rational thesis D. the radical thesis
A. the independence thesis
The command to love God is for one to love him with:
A. discrimination B. with one’s whole mind, heart and strength
C. their moral life D. a distance, but with a rational mind
B. with one’s whole mind, heart and strength
For a theist, one of the six ways morality may be enriched by religion is that
cosmic justice reigns in the universe because:
A. God exists B. God does not exist
C. humans are able to communicate with God.
D. God would never leave humans to make decisions on their own.
A. God exists
A theodicy is an argument that seeks to discredit belief in a deity.
False
John Locke believed in toleration of religious dissenters.
True
According to the “divine command” theory of ethics, certain actions are right because God wills them
for us. We therefore have a duty to find out exactly what God wills and distinguish it from what is
merely a fallible human wish or interpretation of what God’s will might be.
True
The paradox of toleration is no longer relevant to today’s global culture.
False
Value pluralism argues that there are multiple and conflicting goods in the world, which cannot be
reduced to some other good.
True
The concept of a single moral community that is not bound to cultural or religious traditions is known
As cosmopolitanism.
True
The Divine Command Theory states that certain actions are sins, based on their moral and ethical value.
False
The Golden Rule is followed by most of the world’s major religions.
True
According to Habermas, fundamentalism is incongruous with democratic society.
True
According to MacKinnon and Fiala, secular ethics are only for atheists.
False
The idea of ahisma was originally developed by Aristotle.
False
Moral wrongness means an act is wrong in virtue of being against the will of God
according to the Divine Command Theory.
True
Kant argues that religion completes morality by directly linking morality with the
immortality of the soul and God’s existence.
True
According to the secularist’s view, morality is in fact compatible with religion and
can even enhance the moral life.
False
Theism claims that God values only those who value God.
False
Moral realism is the idea that moral principles are universally valid whether or
not anyone recognizes them.
True
Bertrand Russell argued that morality did not need God.
True
