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Anatomy Lecture > Test 3-Lecture > Flashcards

Test 3-Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood; Regulate H20 volume, body osmolity, and extracellular ion concentrations; ensure long-term acid-base balance; produce erythropoietin and renin for RBC production and BP control; convert Vit. D into its active form; carry out gluconeogenesis during fasting

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2
Q

What are the specialized cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

macula densa cells, granular cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells

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3
Q

What is the function of the macula densa cell?

A

they are the chemoreceptors that moniter NaCl content of entering filtrate

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

the nephron

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5
Q

What is the normal osmolality of our body fluids?

A

between 280-300

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6
Q

What is osmolality?

A

The # of solute particles dissolved in 1 kilogram(1000gr) of water-it reflects the solution’s ability to cause osmosis.

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7
Q

What is the function of the granular cells?

A

They act as mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure-granular cells that release renin

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8
Q

What is the function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

They are between the arteriole and tubule cells, interconnected by gap junctions. May pass signals between macula densa and granular cells.

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9
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular filtration rate-Volume of filtrate formed each minute by all 2 million glomeruli. 120-125ml/min

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10
Q

What are the intrinsic controls of the GFR?

A

renal autoregulation-acts locally within the kidneys. Two ways-myogenic mechanism and Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. Maintains constant GFR when MAP is 80-180mm Hg

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11
Q

What are the extrinsic controls of the GFR?

A

nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain blood pressure, but affect kidney function. They are external controls that take over if MAP is >180 or <80 mm Hg

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12
Q

What is released among the extrinsic controls of GRF and by what?

A

Norepiephrine is released by the sympathatic system; epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla-both causing cinstriction of afferent arterioles. When renin is released, it triggers the Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism

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13
Q

What is the function of renin?

A

It activates angiotensinogen into angiotensin I and then angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by ACE.

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14
Q

What are the effects of Angiotensin II?

A

It constricts arteriolar smooth muscle, causing MAP to rise; stimulates the reabsorption of Na by acting directly on the kidney tubules and triggering the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone; stimulates the hypothalamus to release ADH and activates the thirst center.

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15
Q

What is the difference between glomerular filtrate and plasma?

A

glomerular filtrate is just like plasma minus the RBCs and proteins

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16
Q

Why is it important that proteins to not get through and into the filtrate?

A

Because proteins are important for maintaining osmotic pressure

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17
Q

What do the kidneys reabsorb in the distal convoluted tubules?

A

re-absorption occurs in the distal portion with the assistance of hormones. Na (sodium) by aldosterone; Cl- follows Na; Ca2+ by parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

What is reabsorbed at the proximal distal convoluted tubules?

A

Almost everything! Na+; virtually all nutrients-glucose, amino acids, vit.,some ions; HCO3; water; lipid-soluble solutes; urea

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19
Q

What is the reason for high glomerular pressure?

A

To continue hydrostatic pressure which is the chief force in pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across filtration membrane-it 55mm Hg. the glomeruli are drained by a high resistance efferent arteriole whose diameter is smaller than the feeding afferent arteriole-allowing filtration across membrane

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20
Q

How much urine do we produce each day?

A

1.5L (<1%)

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21
Q

In renal auto-regulation, what do the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation maintain?

A

Intrinsic maintains the GFR; extrinsic helps maintain systemic blood pressure when things get beyond the intrinsic control?

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22
Q

What force influences glomerular filtration?/

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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23
Q

How do the kidneys respond to a low blood PH?

A

renal tubule cells secrete more H+ into the filtrate and retain more HCO3

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24
Q

What is inulin?

A

a plant polysaccaride that flows freely and is neither reabsorbed or secreted by the kidneys. It is the standard used to determine GFR because it has a renal clearance equal to the GFR

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25
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

It is the volume of plasma which the body clears a particular substance in a given time (usually 1 min). C=UV/P

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26
Q

What does renal clearance tell us?

A

Can detect glomerular damage and follow the progression of renal failure

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27
Q

What is reabsorbed in the Loop of Henle?

A

Descending Limb-Water; Ascending limb-Na, K+, Cl-

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28
Q

What is the action of the muscles involved in micturition/voiding?

A

Contraction of the detrusor muscle by ANS; Opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS (Contraction); Oopening of the ecternal urethral sphincter by ANS (relaxation)

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29
Q

How is CO2 carried in the blood and in what amounts?

A

7-10% dissolved in plasma; ~20% bound to the globin part of hemoglobin; ~70% as bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions in plasma

30
Q

Where does CO2 get converted into bicarbonate?

A

At the RBC membrane. Dissolved CO2 diffuses into the RBC and the reaction occurs quickly

31
Q

How is CO2 converted into bicarbonate?

A

CO2—–>into RBC—–>combines with H2O to make carbonic acid—->carbonic acid is unstable and dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

32
Q

What are the 6 essential digestive processes?

A 
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
33
Q

What is the function of a mesentery?

A

It is made up of a double layer of peritoneum. It includes routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves; It holds organs in place; stores fat

34
Q

What are the functions of salvia?

A

Cleanses the mouth, moistens and dissolves food chemicals; aids in bolus formation; contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of starch

35
Q

What is the content of saliva?

A

97-99% Water, slightly acidic solution containing electrolytes, enzymes and defensins

36
Q

Where do we start digesting starches/carbs?

A

In the mouth by salivary amalyse

37
Q

What is amylase?

A

A digestion enzyme that breaks down starchs and carbs-found in the mouth and pancreas

38
Q

What chemicals influence the release of Hydrochloric acid?

A

Stimulation of the parietal cells through second-messenger systems-ACh, histamine (H2), and gastrin

39
Q

What inhibits the secretion of hydrochloric acid?

A

Antihistamines which block the H2 receptors and decrease its release

40
Q

What is the role of HCl in food digestion?

A

to activate pepsinogen to become pepsin by creating an acidic environment for digestion to occur

41
Q

What cells are found in the gastric gland?

A

Parietal cell, Chief cell, and enteroendocrine cells

42
Q

What does the parietal cell secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid

43
Q

What does the chief cell secrete?

A

pepsinogen

44
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion/salivation?

A
  1. Cephalic (reflex) phase-few minutes prior to food entry
  2. Gastric phase- 3-4 hours after food enters the stomach
  3. Intestinal phase-brief stimulatory effect as partially digested food enters the duodenum, followed by inhibitory effects
45
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the digestive tract?

A

neutralize the acidic gastric juice as it enters the small intestines

46
Q

What cell produces HCO3- in the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s (duodenal) glands

47
Q

What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

A

Bile contains bile salts emuslify (breakdown) large fat molecules into amino acids

48
Q

What enzyme further breaks down micelles?

A

Pancreatic Lipase

49
Q

What is the major absorptive organ of the digestive tract?

A

Small intestine-95% of everything is absorbed

50
Q

What organs are retroperitoneal?

A

pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, colon of the large intestine, liver, and kidneys

51
Q

What organs of inta-peritoneal?

A

stomach, jejunum, ileum, ascending, transverse, and sigmoid parts of large intestine

52
Q

Which muscles contract and which muscles relax during defecation?

A

rectal walls contract, external anal sphincter relaxes, and internal anal sphincter relaxes

53
Q

What is the total body water content of infants? Men? Women? Elderly?

A

73%
60%
50%
45%

54
Q

What are the major cations and anions of intercellular fluid?

A

Cation-Potassium; Anion-Phosphate

55
Q

What are the major cations and anions of Extracellular fluid?

A

Cation-Sodium; Anion-Chloride

56
Q

What is the distribution of fluids in Extracellular and Intracellular fluids?

A

ICF-2/3 of the volume—25L of the 40L of total body water; ECF-remaining 1/3—15L

57
Q

What is the role of ANP in blood pressure regulation?

A

ANP-atrial natriuretic peptide—–>triggers the release of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) which causes the collecting tubules to decrease the amount of Na+ (Sodium) and H2O reabsorbed which lowers blood volume and lowers BP

58
Q

What is the role of the kidney in acid-base regulation?

A

conserving (reabsorbing) or generating new bicarbonate ions or excreting bicarbonate ions.

59
Q

What is alkalosis or alkalemia?

A

arterial PH above 7.45

60
Q

What is acidosis or acidemia?

A

arterial PH lower than 7.35

61
Q

What three ways are hydrogen ion regulated?

A
  1. Chemical buffer systems-act within seconds
  2. Respiratory center-within 1-3 min.
  3. Renal Mechanisms-most potent acid-base regulatory system-requires hours to days.
62
Q

What are the three main chemical buffer systems?

A
  1. Bicarbonate buffer system-function of CO2
  2. Phosphate buffer system-kidneys use
  3. Protein buffer system
63
Q

What should we remember about hydrogen and bicarbonate gaining and losing?

A

Losing a bicarbonate ion is the same as gaining a hydrogen ion; reabsorbing a bicarbonate ion is the same as losing a hydrogen ion

64
Q

What is normal PH, HCO3-, and PaCO2?

A

PH-7.35-7.45; HCO3–22-26; PaCO2-35-45

65
Q

When is it metabolic acidosis? how does the body compensate?

A

Low PH and Low HCO3-; from diarrhea, renal disease, startvation
Excess of H, Decrease HCO3-; Increase Respiratory Rate

66
Q

When is it Respiratory acidosis? How does the body compensate?

A

Impaired lung function; PaCO2 high and PH low

Increase of PaCO2, Increase of H; Kidneys-Increase of H elimination and retain HCO3-

67
Q

When is it Metabolic alkalosis? How does the body compensate?

A

Vomiting; High HCO3- and High PH

–Increase of BCO3-; decrease Resp. rate

68
Q

When is it Respiratory alkalosis? How does the body compensate?

A

Hyperventilation; Low PaCO2 and High PH

Decrease PaCO2, Decrease H+; Decrease H+ elimination and Increase HCO3- Elimination

69
Q

What distinguishes compensated versus uncompensated?

A

compensated-PH level normal

70
Q

What is evidence of compensated metabolic alkalosis?

A

PH normal with elevated HCO3- and PaCO2 levels

71
Q

What is evidence of renal compensation of of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Low PaCo2 levels

Anatomy Lecture (2 decks)

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