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Life University Head and Neck > test 3 H&N > Flashcards

test 3 H&N Flashcards

1
Q

Body’s largest endocrine gland

A

Thyroid Gland

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2
Q

the thyroid gland produes

A

thyroid hormone

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3
Q

thyroid hormone controls

A

rate of metabolism & calcitonin

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4
Q

thyroid gland is located

A

anteriorly in the neck at C5-T1

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5
Q

what layers surround the thyroid

A

visceral portion of pretracheal layer and deep cervical fascia

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6
Q

what unites the 2 lobes of thyroid

A

isthmus

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7
Q

where is the isthmus located

A

anterior to the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

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8
Q

where is the thyroid located in relation to the larynx and trachea

A

anterolaterally

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9
Q

muscles in relation to thyroid anterolaterally

A

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thryohyoid

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10
Q

relation to thyroid posterolaterllay

A

carotid sheath ( common carotid artery, internal caroitd artery, vagus N, jugular vein

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11
Q

relation of thyroid medially

A

external laryngeal N, Recurrent laryngeal N, trachea, esophagus, cricothyroid, and interior constrictor

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12
Q

First branch of the external carotid artery

A

superior thyroid artery

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13
Q

what N and A supply anterosuperior aspect of thyroid gland?

A

superior thyroid A and external laryngeal N

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14
Q

what is the largest branch of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

Interior Thyroid A

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15
Q

where does the Inferior thyroid A come from?

A

Subclavian A

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16
Q

What N does the Inferior Thyroid A run with?

A

recurrent Laryngeal N

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17
Q

what portion of the thyroid do the inferior thyroid A and recurrent laryngeal N supply?

A

posteroinferior aspect including inferior poles

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18
Q

what small unpaired branch arises from brachiocephalic truck?

A

thyroidea ima A. only found in 10% of pop

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19
Q

where else may the thyroidea ima A arise?

A

aorta, rt common carotid A, subclavian, internal thoracic A

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20
Q

what does the thyroidea Ima A supply?

A

small branches to the trachea and isthmus of thyroid gland

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21
Q

what veins for the thyroid plexus?

A

superior, middle, inferior thyroid veins

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22
Q

where is the thyroid plexus located?

A

anterior surface of the thyroid and trachea

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23
Q

what does the Superior thyroid vein drain

A

accompany sup. thy A and drain sup. pole

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24
Q

where does the Sup thy V drain into

A

internal jugular v

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25
Q

what and where does the Middle thy vein drain?

A

drains the middle portion of the lobe into internal jugular

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26
Q

what and where does the Inf thy V drain?

A

inf poles, into the brachiocephalic V

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27
Q

where are the N for the thyroid gland derived?

A

Sup, mid, inf cervical ganglia

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28
Q

what part of the sup, mid, inf cervical ganglia

A

sympathetic

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29
Q

how is endocrine secretion controlled?

A

pituitary gland

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30
Q

enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

goiter

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31
Q

if a goiter is present what might it encompass?

A

trachea, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal N

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32
Q

injury to recurrent laryngeal N may cause

A

hoarseness- unilateral

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33
Q

what function do the parathyroid glands serve?

A

produce PTH- parathyroid hormone

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34
Q

what does PTH do?

A

control metabolism or Phosphorus and Ca in the blood

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35
Q

removal of the parathyroid glands results in?

A

tetany

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36
Q

what is tetnay

A

generalized spasms caused by decreased serum Ca levels

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37
Q

cranial meninges provides support for

A

arteries, veins and venous sinuses

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38
Q

what do the cranial meninges enclose?

A

subarachnoid space (leptomeningeal)

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39
Q

dura mater

A

external thick fibrous

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40
Q

arachnoid mater

A

intermed delicate

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41
Q

Pia mater

A

vascular internal

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42
Q

what forms the CSF?

A

choroid plexus

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43
Q

what portion of the brains forms CSF?

A

4th ventricle

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44
Q

how many layers is the Dura mater?

A

2 layered membrane

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45
Q

which layer is formed by the periosteum covering the internal surface of the skull

A

external periosteal layer

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46
Q

strong fibrous membrane

A

internal meningeal layer

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47
Q

inner meningeal layer forms what

A

infoldings/relections

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48
Q

what do the infoldings do

A

divide cranial cavity into compartments to support brain

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49
Q

what is the largest dural reflection?

A

falx cerebri- longitudinal fissure and separates R and L cerebral hemispheres

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50
Q

anterior attachment for the falx cerebri

A

frontal crest and crista galli

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51
Q

posterior attachment for the falx cerebri

A

IOP cont with tentorium cerebelli

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52
Q

what V sinuses run in the falx cerebri

A

superior sagittal, inf sagittal, straigh

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53
Q

second largest dural infold

A

tentorium cerebelli

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54
Q

what attachments does the tentorium cerebelli have?

A

2= free and attached margin

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55
Q

where does the free margin of the tentorium cerebeli attach

A

anterior clinoid process

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56
Q

the brain stem extends from the posterior cranial to middle cranial fossa via

A

tentorial notch

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57
Q

sinuses that run in the tentorium cerebelli

A

right and left superior petrosal sinuses, right and left transverse, straight

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58
Q

what is the vertical dural infolding?

A

cerebellar falx

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59
Q

the falx cerebelli is attached

A

internal occipital crest

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60
Q

smallest infolding

A

diaphragm sella

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61
Q

where is the diaphragm sella

A

circular sheet of dura roof over hypophyseal fossa in the sphenoid bone

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62
Q

what does the diaphragm sella cover

A

pituitary gland has aperture of passage of infundibulum

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63
Q

what line the dural venous sinuses

A

endothelium

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64
Q

dural venous sinuses lie where

A

between periosteal and meingeal layers of dura

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65
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses function

A

where large veins from the brain empty eventually into internal jugular

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66
Q

sigmoid sinus becomes what after traversing the jugular foramen

A

internal jugular vein

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67
Q

what is the meeting place of sinuses

A

confluence of sinuses

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68
Q

which sinuses converge at the confluence

A

sup sagittal, straight, occipital, transverse

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69
Q

sup sagittal sinus receive which veins

A

sup cerebral

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70
Q

where does the inf sagittal sinus run?

A

interior concave free border of cerebral falx

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71
Q

where does the inf sagittal sinus end?

A

straight sinus

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72
Q

union of inf sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein form?

A

straight sinus

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73
Q

which sinus drains the confluence

A

transverse sinuses

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74
Q

occipital sinus lies where?

A

attached border of the cerebelli falx

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75
Q

what does the occipital sinus communicate

A

the internal vertebral venous plexuses

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76
Q

what sinus is situated bilaterally of the sella turcica

A

cavernous sinuses

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77
Q

where does the cavernous sinus drain

A

sup and inf petrosal sinuses into pterygoid venous plexus

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78
Q

what is inside ea cavernous sinus?

A

internal carotid A

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79
Q

where is the abducens N located inside the brain

A

in the cavernous sinus

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80
Q

what cranial nerves are found in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?

A

oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Opthalmic branch of trigeminal (V)
Maxillary branch of trigeminal

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81
Q

what two things does the sup petrosal sinus connect?

A

cavernous sinus and transverse sinus

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82
Q

the inf petrosal sinuses are connected via

A

basilar plexus

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83
Q

what veins connect the dural sinuses with the veins outside the cranium?

A

emissary veins

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84
Q

what veins are valveless and flow both directiosn?

A

emissary veins

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85
Q

what emissary vein is present in children?

A

frontal

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86
Q

what connects the superior sagittal sinus with the V of the scalp?

A

parietal

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87
Q

what emissary vein connects ea sigmoid sinus with the occipital or posterior auricular vein?

A

Mastoid

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88
Q

what connects the sigmoid sinus with the suboccipital

A

posterior condylar emissary V

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89
Q

Name the arteries of the dura mater

A

middle meningeal A
meningeal branches of ophthalmic A
branches of occipital A
branches of vertebral A

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90
Q

what accompanies the middle meningeal A?

A

middle meningeal V

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91
Q

middle meningeal V leaves cranial cavity via?

A

foramen spinosum drains into pterygoid V plexus

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92
Q

Nerve supply of the dura mater

A 
branches of: 
maxillary
mandibular
ophthalmic N
Sensory branches:
from dorsal roots C1-3 
branches of vagus N
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93
Q

embryonic development of Pia and arachnoid maters

A

dev from single layer of mesenchyme surrounding the embryonic brain

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94
Q

arachnoid mater is made up of

A

fibroblasts, collagen fibers, some elastic finbers

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95
Q

how is the arachnoid mater held up if it is not attached to dura mater?

A

the pressure of the CSF

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96
Q

how is the arachnoid mater blood supply?

A

avascular and thin

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97
Q

tufted prolongations of the arachnoid

A

arachnoid granualtions

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98
Q

how is CSF transferred into the venous system for disposal?

A

arachnoid granulations protrude into meningeal layer into dural venous sinus

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99
Q

what meningial layer is vascular

A

Pia mater

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100
Q

the space between the dura and arachnoid mater

A

subdural space

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101
Q

space that contains serous fluid

A

subdural space

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102
Q

the space between arachnoid and pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

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103
Q

what does the sub arachnoid space contain

A

CSF, trabecular cells, A&V

104
Q

complication associated with epidural and subdural infections

A

cavernous sinus thrombosis

105
Q

1st cranial N

A

olfactory N

106
Q

where does the olfactory N exit

A

foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid

107
Q

olfactory nerve fibers synapse with

A

mitral N cells of olfactory bulb

108
Q

lateral olfactory stria terminates where?

A

piriform cortex of ant part of temporal lobe of cerebrum

109
Q

medial olfactory stria goes where?

A

project through anterior commissure

110
Q

2nd cranial N

A

optic

111
Q

optic origin is

A

N cell bodies in retinal and axons of ganglion cells of retina

112
Q

cranial exit of optic N

A

optic canal forms optic chiasma

113
Q

at the optic chiasma the N forms?

A

optic tract

114
Q

termination of optic N

A

lateral geniculate bodies of thalamus

115
Q

III cranial N

A

oculomotor

116
Q

what kind of motor N is the III N?

A

somatic motor

117
Q

origin of oculomotor

A
  1. nucleus located in midbrain at level of sup colliculus

2. accessory nucleus (edinger Westphal) dorsal to oculomotor nuc

118
Q

cranial exit of III

A

sup orbital fissure

119
Q

termination of III

A

divides into sup and inf divisions

120
Q

oculomotor (III) sup division supplies what muscles

A

levator palpebrae superioris

superior rectus

121
Q

oculomotor (III) inf division supplies what muscles

A

inf rectus, medial rectus, inf oblique

122
Q

inf division of oculomotor N also carries

A

presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary ganglion

123
Q

IV cranial N

A

Trochlear N

124
Q

origin of Trochlear N

A

trochlear nucleus in midbrain caudal to oculomotor nucleus

125
Q

trochlear cranial exit

A

sup orbital fissure

126
Q

termination of IV trochlear N

A

sup oblique

127
Q

V cranial N

A

trigeminal N

128
Q

largest cranial N

A

Trigeminal

129
Q

origin of V trigeminal

A

4 nuclei- one motor and 3 sensory

130
Q

sensory nuclei of V trigeminal N

A

mesencephalic, principal sensory, and spinal

131
Q

cranial exit of V trigeminal

A

lateral aspect of the pons

132
Q

what makes up the sensory root of the trigeminal ganglion?

A

pseudounipolar neurons

133
Q

three divisions of trigeminal N

A

opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

134
Q

what kind of N is the ophthalmic N

A

sensory somatic

135
Q

cranial exit of V1 (ophthalmic)

A

sup orbital fissure

136
Q

branches of the ophthalmic N

A

lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary

137
Q

what kind of N is the V2 maxillary

A

somatic sensory

138
Q

cranial exit for maxillary

A

foramen rotundum

139
Q

V2 maxillary N branches

A

zygomatic N, posterior superior alveolar, infraborbital/ant/mid sup alveolar branches, greater palatine, lesser palatine, nasopalatine and pharyngeal N’s

140
Q

what type of N is the mandibular N

A

mixed somatic (bronchial) motor

141
Q

origin of mandibular N

A

cell bodies in the PONS

142
Q

cranial exit of mandibular N

A

foramen ovale

143
Q

sensory branches of mandibular N

A

nervus spinousus, buccal, auriculotemporal, inf alveolar

144
Q

motor branches of the mandibular N

A

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly digastric, tensor tympani

145
Q

lingual N does what

A

carries general sensation from ant 2/3 of tongue

146
Q

what is the 2nd smallest N

A

abducens N

147
Q

what is the VI cranial N

A

Abducens

148
Q

what does the abducens innervate

A

somatic motor N of the eye

149
Q

origin of VI abducens

A

PONS

150
Q

cranial exit of the abducens

A

Sup orbital fissure

151
Q

termination of the VI abducens

A

medial suface of the Lateral rectus of the eye

152
Q

VII cranial N

A

Facial

153
Q

what kind of N is VII facial

A

mixed somatic bronchial motor

154
Q

origin of facial N

A

motor nucleus ventrolateral part of the pons

155
Q

where are the sensory Neurons of the facial N

A

geniculate ganglion

156
Q

cranial exit of facial N

A

stylomastoid foramen

157
Q

facial N enters through

A

internal acoustic meatus

158
Q

name the sharp bend in the facial N

A

geniculum

159
Q

where does the facial bend occur

A

along medial end of tympanic cavity- geniculate ganglion

160
Q

facial N terminates: how many terminal branches

A

enters parotid gland–> parotid plexus–> 5 terminal branches

161
Q

What are the 5 terminal branches of the facial N

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical

162
Q

Man functions of facial N

A

chorda tympani N, carries taste, special sense, gustatory ant 2/3 tongue

163
Q

what two ganglion is the facial N postsynatpic

A

pterygopalatine and submandibular

164
Q

what glands do the facial N control and how

A

parasympathetic: submandib, subling, salivary, lacrimal

165
Q

VIII cranial N

A

Vestibulocochlear

166
Q

what type of N is VIII

A

special sensory: hearing, equilibrium/ balance

167
Q

origin of vestibulocochlear N

A

cell bodies on vestibular ganglion

168
Q

what type of neurons are in the vestibular ganglion

A

bipolar

169
Q

where are the vestibular nuclei located

A

jux pons and medulla

170
Q

cochlear N is what type of N

A

special sensory

171
Q

what is the cochlear origin

A

nerve cell bodies in spiral ganglion

172
Q

cranial exit for vestibulocochlear N

A

internal acoustic meatus

173
Q

IX cranial N

A

Glossopharyngeal

174
Q

what type of N is IX

A

mixed

175
Q

how many nuclei does the glossopharyngeal have

A

4 two motor two sensory

176
Q

what is the superior wall of the orbit

A

frontal bone and lesser wind of sphenoid

177
Q

medial wall of orbit

A

ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones

178
Q

lateral wall of the oribt

A

zygomatic and greater wing of sphenoid bones

179
Q

apex of the orbit

A

optic canal

180
Q

what is periosteum of the oribt

A

periorbita

181
Q

when the eye is closed the space is called

A

conjuctival sac

182
Q

what form the skeleton of the eyelids

A

tarsal plates (connective tissue)

183
Q

oil secretion to keep eyes lubed

A

tarsal glands

184
Q

what are the sebaceous glands associated with the eyelids

A

ciliary glands

185
Q

order of the lacrimal apparatus

A

gland, duct, canaliculi, punctum, sac

186
Q

lacrimal gland N

A

presynaptic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers of facial N via greater petrosal N

187
Q

levator palprebrae sup origin

A

lesser wing of sphenoid/sup/ant optic canal

188
Q

levator palprebrae sup insertion

A

sup tarsus

189
Q

N supply levator palprebrae sup

A

oculomotor

190
Q

sup oblique origin

A

body of sphenoid

191
Q

insetion sup oblique

A

sclera

192
Q

N supply sup oblique

A

trochlear

193
Q

origin inf oblique

A

ant part of the floor of the orbit

194
Q

N supply inf oblique

A

oculomotor

195
Q

what type of ganglion is the ciliary ganglion

A

parasympathetic

196
Q

what is the sensory root of the ciliary ganglion

A

nasociliary n

197
Q

motor root of ciliary ganglion

A

parasym root

198
Q

sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion

A

internal carotid plexus

199
Q

short ciliary N carry what where

A

parasym and sym fibers to ciliary body and iris

200
Q

branch of the internal carotid A that supplies blood to the orbit

A

ophthalmic A

201
Q

Branch of ophthalmic A provides only supply to internal aspect of the retina also an end artery

A

Central A of retina

202
Q

branch of maxillary A contrib blood to the floor of orbit

A

Infraorbital A

203
Q

blood supply to the choroid

A

short post ciliary A

204
Q

vascular layer of the eye made of connective tissue

A

choroid

205
Q

blood supply to ciliary plexus

A

long post ciliary arteris

206
Q

where do the veins of the oribt pass

A

sup orbital fissure

207
Q

where does the central vein enter

A

cavernous sinus

208
Q

how many parts to the eyeball

A

3- fibrous, middle vascular, inner neural

209
Q

what are the two parts of the fibrous part of the eye

A

sclera and cornea

210
Q

what portion of the eye does the sclera cover?

A

post 5/6

211
Q

what portion of the eye does the cornea cover

A

anterior 1/6

212
Q

what is corneoscleral junction?

A

the corneal limbus the angle formed by the sclera and cornea

213
Q

middle vascular layer has how many parts

A

3 choroid, ciliary body, iris

214
Q

the choroid lies where

A

between sclera and retina

215
Q

what is the largest vascular layer?

A

choroid

216
Q

what connects the choroid with the iris?

A

ciliary body

217
Q

what does the ciliary body provide attachment for?

A

the lens

218
Q

what is the anterior segment of the eyeball filled with

A

aqueous humor

219
Q

where is the iris in relation to the lens

A

anterior

220
Q

what two muscles control the size of the central aperture?

A

sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

221
Q

decrease of the pupil diameter is due to

A

parasympathetic fibers sphicter pupillae

222
Q

increase in the pupil diameter is due to

A

sympathetic fibers dilator pupillae

223
Q

what is the sensory neural layer

A

retina

224
Q

pigment epithelium, rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion, and optic nerve fiber are layers of

A

retina

225
Q

what is the blind spot of the eye- no photoreceptors

A

optic disc

226
Q

special photorecteptor cone area of the eye

A

Macula

227
Q

what is the area for acute vision, size?

A

fovea centralis 1.5mm

228
Q

cones and rods are supplied separately by the

A

capillary lamina of the choroid

229
Q

cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor are

A

refractive media

230
Q

what produces aqueous humor

A

ciliary processes

231
Q

what changes the shape of the lens

A

ciliary muscle

232
Q

N supply to ciliary muscle

A

parasympathetics via III CN

233
Q

the active process of changing the shape of the eye

A

accomodation

234
Q

transparent jelly in post 4/5 of the eye

A

vitreous body

235
Q

what provides parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland

A

IX glossopharangeal

236
Q

what branches does the IX glossopharyngeal N suppuly

A

tympanic, carotid sinus N, pharyngeal, tonsillar, lingual

237
Q

motor supply for swallowing

A

IX glossopharyngeal

238
Q

muscle for swallowing

A

stylopharynegeus

239
Q

main function of IX glossopharyngeal

A

general and taste gestation sensation post 1.3 tongue

240
Q

X CN?

A

Vagus

241
Q

what kind of N is it

A

mixed

242
Q

what is the longest cranial N

A

X vagus

243
Q

how many nuclei at the origin

A
  1. 2 sensory 2 motor
244
Q

what are the two nuclei of the sensory for X

A

sensory nuclei of trigeminal and nuclei of solitary tract

245
Q

what are teh two nuclei of motor for X

A

nucleus ambiguous and dorsal nucleus of vagus

246
Q

origin of X vagus

A

cell bodies of the medulla

247
Q

Cranial exit of X vagus

A

jugular foramen

248
Q

is X vagus apart of the carotid sheath

A

yes

249
Q

what are two main branches of X vagus N

A

sup laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

250
Q

main actions of X vagus

A

motor to pharynx, intrinsic muscles larynx, muscles of palate striated muscle in upper 2/3 esphagus

251
Q

what parasympathetic action does X have

A

smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive , cardiac heart

252
Q

what sensory does X contribute

A

visceral sensory to abdomen and L colic flexure

253
Q

what special sensory function does X have?

A

taste from epiglottis and palate

254
Q

what twp parts does X have

A

cranial and spainal

255
Q

where does the spinal part of X araise

A

anterior horn motor neurons in sup 5 segments of spinal cord

256
Q

where does the cranial part of X araise

A

nucleus ambiguous

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