TEST 3 FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Role of parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous sytems:
para= rest n digest sympa= fight or flight- uses adrenaline
role of adrenaline
to increase the heart rate, blood pressure and airways
postganglionic neurotransmitter for parasympathetic and for sympathetic:
para- acetycholine
sympa- norepinephrine aka noradrenaline
where does adrenaline come from?
the medulla (inner part) in the adrenal glands
what is released from the adrenal glands cortex? and what is its role?
aldosterone
role- it increases blood pressure by reabsorbing more salt and water in the kidneys
what is the base of steroid hormones?
cholesterol
an example of these are aldosterone and adrenaline
where does the adult spinal cord end?
L1
LAYERS OF THE BRAIN
DAP=
dura mater
arachnoid
pia
what cells form the blood and brain barrier
astrocytes
role of the supporting shwann cell?
myelination in the peripheral nervous system-
meaning it wraps an insulating sheath around the neuron to protect it and so electrical signals can be sent more quickly
role of the oligodendrocytes?
myelination in the central nervous system.
difference between shwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
they do the exact same thing. Except shwann cells wrap myelin around neurons the the PNS, and oligodendrocytes myelinate neurons in the CNS
what are microglia, where are they found, what do they do?
microglia are cells in the central nervous system (brain and spine) they are macrophages meaning they clear up debris and get rid of the baddies
parts of the brain:
role of frontal,
temporal, and occipital, parietal lobes?
frontal- social judegment
temporal- hearing
occipital- vision
parietal- sensory reception
parts of brain part 2:
basal ganglia, cerebellum, limbic
basal- motor movement
cerebellum- posture and coordination
limbic- emotions
role of the medulla
for heart and respiratory functions
role of hypothalamus
neural and endocrine control. it controls the bodys homeostasis by regulating temperature, food intake, sleep, memory, emotions
what is the infundibulum
its the stalk from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland. it controls the posterior pituitary by nerve signals
where is grey and white matter found in the spinal cord and in the brain. Also what does the white matter do?
spinal cord- grey matter is smaller on the INSIDE, and white around the outside,
brain- white matter on the inside, and grey out outside.
the white matter- are pathways that carry messages (ascending and descending).
what is the GFR?
125ml/min
what is it called if you secrete more than 2L of urine a day?
polyuria
what are the nitrogenous wastes, an what one is most abundant?
urea- most abundant (protein breakdown).
uric acid- cell
creatinine- muscle
kidneys lie where?
retroperitoneal, at level of T12-L3
pathway of filtrate in kindey
starts at afferent arteriole going into the glomulerus, then bowmans capsule, into the PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
what acts on the DCT and collecting ducts to increase blood pressure?
aldosterone and ADH
3 coverings of the kidney from outside to inside?
Fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule
(FAR)
role of renin?
unsure if this will be in test
it will help increase blood pressure by letting the posterior pituitary know to release ADH and to let the adrenal glands know to secrete aldosterone so they can increase blood pressure together.
where in the nephron does obligatory reabsorption take place, and how much is reabsorbed?
in the PCT. there is 65% that is reabsobed back into the blood stream, (mainly salt and potassium)
what does vasa recta do?
countercurrent against the flow of the current in the nephron.
functions of the DCT?
facilitative absorption- it gets rid of hydrogen ions
what defines anuria?
0-100mls of urine output a day
what is the trigone?
triangular muscle in the bladder between the ureters and the urethra
what muscle needs to contract to get wees out from the bladder?
the detrusor muscle
what are the cells in the bladder that allow the bladder walls to expand when it fills with urine?
transitional cells
where is the dartos muscle found?
in the scrotum
what is the muscle that covers the testicles?
cremaster muscle
where does spermatogenesis take place (production of sperm)
in the semniferous tubules in the testicles.
where does sperm mature?
epididymis
what is a blastocyst?
the stage where a fertilised egg has developed and divided into 2 cells.
what is HCG? human chorionic gonadotropin?
it is the basis of pregnancy tests. the cells in the vag that start forming the placenta release the HCG hormone- occurs in first 2 weeks of pregnancy.
what kidney is lower?
the right one, due to the liver pressing down on it
the 3 sections of the male urethra are?
Prostatic, membranous and penile (spongy part).
what is a zygote?
a fertilized egg/ovum
what cells secrete testosterone?
interstitial cells
name the 3 parts of the fallopian tube?
isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum with the fimbrae (closest to the ovary)
function of the epiglottis?
closes off the larynx when you swallow food, so food doesnt get into lungs
what are and where are peyers patches found?
theyre lymph tissue in the ileum of the small intestine
where does the lesser omentum connect to?
The liver and stomach
what is the spincter that goes from the stomach into the duodenum?
the pyloric sphincter
where would you find the cardiac sphincter?
between the esophagus and the stomach
what is the sphincter between the liluem and the cecum of the large instestine?
ileocecal sphincter
lobes of the liver
right lobe,
left lobe
caudate lobe (above)
quadrate (below)
what ligament seperates the liver in half>
the falciform ligament
what is secreted from the gallbladder?
bile
what emulsifies fat?
bile salts which is in bile
what digests fat after it has been emulsified?
lipase
what is the 1st cranial nerve?
olfactory (smell)
what is the 2nd CN?
Optic nerve (vision)
what is 10th cranial nerve?
vagus nerve- controls Heart rate, lungs, GI tract
what is the reflex arc pathway?
stimulus, afferent sensory neuron, integration centre, association neuron, efferent motor neuron, effector, then response (laugh, cry, etc)
what seperates the left and right hemispheres of brain?
corpus callosum
hormones of the anterior pituitary include?
follicle stimulating hormone- makes eggs/sperm
lutinising hormone- progesterone production in female, testosterone in males.
thyroid stimulating hormone- influences on the thyroid
adrenocorticotropic hormone- production and release of cortisol from the cortex of the adrenal gland
prolactin- makes milk
growth hormone- skeletal and muscle growth
what is myasthenia gravis?
autoimmune disorder- is weakness and fatigue of muscles under voluntary control
what are baroreceptors?
blood pressure receptors
what is secretin?
a hormone released by
the s cells in duodenum that stimulates secretions from liver and pancreas
what are the digestive enzymes from the pancreas
amylase (digests starch), lipase (fats), trypsen (protein)
where does the head of the pancreas sit anatomically?
In the curve of the duodenum
what are peptide hormones
hormones made up of small chains of amino acids
what are steroid hormones
derived from cholesterol
what does a hepatic triad in the liver consist of?
hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct
what is the main organ of biotransformation/metabolism?
the liver
what is secreted from G cells
gastrin
what is chyme
soupy mixture in stomach
what is myentric plexus?
nerves in the GI tract that help control peristalisis
whats the enteric nervous system?
it controls motilty, and secretions in the GI tract
what are rugae?
folds of stomach lining
what cells are on stomach lining>
epithelial cells
function of the small intestine?
absorb nutrients
what are the bodys main lymphoid tissues?
mucosa, peyers patches, tonsils, adenoids, spleen
where would you find kupffer cells?
liver- they fight off debris
role of T cells and B cells
t cells- cellular immunity
b cells- humoral immunity- means found in blood
where do antibodies get secreted from?
Plasma B cells
what are cytokines
cell signaling chemicals
what is the order of structures in the optic pathway?
optic nerve-optic chiasma, thalamus- visual cortex- occipital lobe
what is macula degeneration
wearing down of the macula which is in the middle of the retina and is responsible for seeing clearly
blind spot in the eye is known as?
the optic disk
what is the central fovea in the eye
the only point of clear focus where most cones are found
what are rods and what are cones in the eye?
rods and cones are photorefeptors.
rods= blackness
cones= colour vision
what is glaucoma?
increased intraocular tension in the eye, can lead to blindness.
what do mast cells do in the immune response?
release heparin and histamine in inflammation
what is CCK
a hormone that causes the gallbladder to contract to release bile
role of insulin and glucagon
insulin helps get glucose into the bodys cells. and glucagon releases stored glucose from the bodys cells.
what is the dorsal mesentary?
suspends the GI tract
what is ventral mesentary?
forms the greater and lesser omentums
