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511 > TEST 3 FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

TEST 3 FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Role of parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous sytems:

A 
para= rest n digest
sympa= fight or flight- uses adrenaline
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2
Q

role of adrenaline

A

to increase the heart rate, blood pressure and airways

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3
Q

postganglionic neurotransmitter for parasympathetic and for sympathetic:

A

para- acetycholine

sympa- norepinephrine aka noradrenaline

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4
Q

where does adrenaline come from?

A

the medulla (inner part) in the adrenal glands

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5
Q

what is released from the adrenal glands cortex? and what is its role?

A

aldosterone

role- it increases blood pressure by reabsorbing more salt and water in the kidneys

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6
Q

what is the base of steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

an example of these are aldosterone and adrenaline

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7
Q

where does the adult spinal cord end?

A

L1

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8
Q

LAYERS OF THE BRAIN

A

DAP=
dura mater
arachnoid
pia

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9
Q

what cells form the blood and brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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10
Q

role of the supporting shwann cell?

A

myelination in the peripheral nervous system-

meaning it wraps an insulating sheath around the neuron to protect it and so electrical signals can be sent more quickly

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11
Q

role of the oligodendrocytes?

A

myelination in the central nervous system.

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12
Q

difference between shwann cells and oligodendrocytes?

A

they do the exact same thing. Except shwann cells wrap myelin around neurons the the PNS, and oligodendrocytes myelinate neurons in the CNS

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13
Q

what are microglia, where are they found, what do they do?

A

microglia are cells in the central nervous system (brain and spine) they are macrophages meaning they clear up debris and get rid of the baddies

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14
Q

parts of the brain:
role of frontal,
temporal, and occipital, parietal lobes?

A

frontal- social judegment
temporal- hearing
occipital- vision
parietal- sensory reception

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15
Q

parts of brain part 2:

basal ganglia, cerebellum, limbic

A

basal- motor movement
cerebellum- posture and coordination
limbic- emotions

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16
Q

role of the medulla

A

for heart and respiratory functions

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17
Q

role of hypothalamus

A

neural and endocrine control. it controls the bodys homeostasis by regulating temperature, food intake, sleep, memory, emotions

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18
Q

what is the infundibulum

A

its the stalk from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland. it controls the posterior pituitary by nerve signals

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19
Q

where is grey and white matter found in the spinal cord and in the brain. Also what does the white matter do?

A

spinal cord- grey matter is smaller on the INSIDE, and white around the outside,

brain- white matter on the inside, and grey out outside.

the white matter- are pathways that carry messages (ascending and descending).

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20
Q

what is the GFR?

A

125ml/min

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21
Q

what is it called if you secrete more than 2L of urine a day?

A

polyuria

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22
Q

what are the nitrogenous wastes, an what one is most abundant?

A

urea- most abundant (protein breakdown).
uric acid- cell
creatinine- muscle

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23
Q

kidneys lie where?

A

retroperitoneal, at level of T12-L3

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24
Q

pathway of filtrate in kindey

A

starts at afferent arteriole going into the glomulerus, then bowmans capsule, into the PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

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25
Q

what acts on the DCT and collecting ducts to increase blood pressure?

A

aldosterone and ADH

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26
Q

3 coverings of the kidney from outside to inside?

A

Fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule
(FAR)

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27
Q

role of renin?

unsure if this will be in test

A

it will help increase blood pressure by letting the posterior pituitary know to release ADH and to let the adrenal glands know to secrete aldosterone so they can increase blood pressure together.

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28
Q

where in the nephron does obligatory reabsorption take place, and how much is reabsorbed?

A

in the PCT. there is 65% that is reabsobed back into the blood stream, (mainly salt and potassium)

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29
Q

what does vasa recta do?

A

countercurrent against the flow of the current in the nephron.

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30
Q

functions of the DCT?

A

facilitative absorption- it gets rid of hydrogen ions

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31
Q

what defines anuria?

A

0-100mls of urine output a day

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32
Q

what is the trigone?

A

triangular muscle in the bladder between the ureters and the urethra

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33
Q

what muscle needs to contract to get wees out from the bladder?

A

the detrusor muscle

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34
Q

what are the cells in the bladder that allow the bladder walls to expand when it fills with urine?

A

transitional cells

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35
Q

where is the dartos muscle found?

A

in the scrotum

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36
Q

what is the muscle that covers the testicles?

A

cremaster muscle

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37
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place (production of sperm)

A

in the semniferous tubules in the testicles.

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38
Q

where does sperm mature?

A

epididymis

39
Q

what is a blastocyst?

A

the stage where a fertilised egg has developed and divided into 2 cells.

40
Q

what is HCG? human chorionic gonadotropin?

A

it is the basis of pregnancy tests. the cells in the vag that start forming the placenta release the HCG hormone- occurs in first 2 weeks of pregnancy.

41
Q

what kidney is lower?

A

the right one, due to the liver pressing down on it

42
Q

the 3 sections of the male urethra are?

A

Prostatic, membranous and penile (spongy part).

43
Q

what is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg/ovum

44
Q

what cells secrete testosterone?

A

interstitial cells

45
Q

name the 3 parts of the fallopian tube?

A

isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum with the fimbrae (closest to the ovary)

46
Q

function of the epiglottis?

A

closes off the larynx when you swallow food, so food doesnt get into lungs

47
Q

what are and where are peyers patches found?

A

theyre lymph tissue in the ileum of the small intestine

48
Q

where does the lesser omentum connect to?

A

The liver and stomach

49
Q

what is the spincter that goes from the stomach into the duodenum?

A

the pyloric sphincter

50
Q

where would you find the cardiac sphincter?

A

between the esophagus and the stomach

51
Q

what is the sphincter between the liluem and the cecum of the large instestine?

A

ileocecal sphincter

52
Q

lobes of the liver

A

right lobe,
left lobe
caudate lobe (above)
quadrate (below)

53
Q

what ligament seperates the liver in half>

A

the falciform ligament

54
Q

what is secreted from the gallbladder?

A

bile

55
Q

what emulsifies fat?

A

bile salts which is in bile

56
Q

what digests fat after it has been emulsified?

A

lipase

57
Q

what is the 1st cranial nerve?

A

olfactory (smell)

58
Q

what is the 2nd CN?

A

Optic nerve (vision)

59
Q

what is 10th cranial nerve?

A

vagus nerve- controls Heart rate, lungs, GI tract

60
Q

what is the reflex arc pathway?

A

stimulus, afferent sensory neuron, integration centre, association neuron, efferent motor neuron, effector, then response (laugh, cry, etc)

61
Q

what seperates the left and right hemispheres of brain?

A

corpus callosum

62
Q

hormones of the anterior pituitary include?

A

follicle stimulating hormone- makes eggs/sperm
lutinising hormone- progesterone production in female, testosterone in males.
thyroid stimulating hormone- influences on the thyroid
adrenocorticotropic hormone- production and release of cortisol from the cortex of the adrenal gland
prolactin- makes milk
growth hormone- skeletal and muscle growth

63
Q

what is myasthenia gravis?

A

autoimmune disorder- is weakness and fatigue of muscles under voluntary control

64
Q

what are baroreceptors?

A

blood pressure receptors

65
Q

what is secretin?

A

a hormone released by

the s cells in duodenum that stimulates secretions from liver and pancreas

66
Q

what are the digestive enzymes from the pancreas

A

amylase (digests starch), lipase (fats), trypsen (protein)

67
Q

where does the head of the pancreas sit anatomically?

A

In the curve of the duodenum

68
Q

what are peptide hormones

A

hormones made up of small chains of amino acids

69
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol

70
Q

what does a hepatic triad in the liver consist of?

A

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct

71
Q

what is the main organ of biotransformation/metabolism?

A

the liver

72
Q

what is secreted from G cells

A

gastrin

73
Q

what is chyme

A

soupy mixture in stomach

74
Q

what is myentric plexus?

A

nerves in the GI tract that help control peristalisis

75
Q

whats the enteric nervous system?

A

it controls motilty, and secretions in the GI tract

76
Q

what are rugae?

A

folds of stomach lining

77
Q

what cells are on stomach lining>

A

epithelial cells

78
Q

function of the small intestine?

A

absorb nutrients

79
Q

what are the bodys main lymphoid tissues?

A

mucosa, peyers patches, tonsils, adenoids, spleen

80
Q

where would you find kupffer cells?

A

liver- they fight off debris

81
Q

role of T cells and B cells

A

t cells- cellular immunity

b cells- humoral immunity- means found in blood

82
Q

where do antibodies get secreted from?

A

Plasma B cells

83
Q

what are cytokines

A

cell signaling chemicals

84
Q

what is the order of structures in the optic pathway?

A

optic nerve-optic chiasma, thalamus- visual cortex- occipital lobe

85
Q

what is macula degeneration

A

wearing down of the macula which is in the middle of the retina and is responsible for seeing clearly

86
Q

blind spot in the eye is known as?

A

the optic disk

87
Q

what is the central fovea in the eye

A

the only point of clear focus where most cones are found

88
Q

what are rods and what are cones in the eye?

A

rods and cones are photorefeptors.
rods= blackness
cones= colour vision

89
Q

what is glaucoma?

A

increased intraocular tension in the eye, can lead to blindness.

90
Q

what do mast cells do in the immune response?

A

release heparin and histamine in inflammation

91
Q

what is CCK

A

a hormone that causes the gallbladder to contract to release bile

92
Q

role of insulin and glucagon

A

insulin helps get glucose into the bodys cells. and glucagon releases stored glucose from the bodys cells.

93
Q

what is the dorsal mesentary?

A

suspends the GI tract

94
Q

what is ventral mesentary?

A

forms the greater and lesser omentums

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