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Intro to Biomedical Informatics > Test 3 (FINAL) > Flashcards

Test 3 (FINAL) Flashcards

Weeks 11-13

1
Q

Translational Bioinformatics (TBI)

A

The development of storage, analytic, and interpretive methods to optimize the transformation of increasingly voluminous biomedical/genomic data into proactive, predictive, preventive, and participatory health.

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2
Q

Imaging Informatics

A

The study and application of processes, information and communication technology for the acquisition, manipulation, analysis, and distribution of medical image data.

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3
Q

Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS)

A

A medical imaging technology which provides economical storage of, and convenient access to, images from multiple media sources.

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4
Q

Radiology Information System (RIS)

A

A networked software suite for managing medical imagery and associated data.

-It is especially useful for managing radiological records in multiple locations.

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5
Q

Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine (SIIM)

A

A society devoted to advance computer applications and information technology in medical imaging through education and research.

-Provides an open environment for imaging information professionals to access expert and cutting edge resources in a collegial and practical atmosphere.

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6
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

Transillumination

  • Creates a live image of the patient
  • Supports real-time diagnosis
  • Shows dynamics
  • Can control certain invasive diagnostic procedures
  • Gives a relative high dose, even to the doctor
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7
Q

Radiography

A
  • X-Ray photography
  • Creates a frozen, permanent image
  • Can be interpreted without rush
  • Gives medical and legal documentation
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8
Q

Original Direct Film Exposure

A

Gives the sharpest image but low efficiency.

  • Only used in special cases, such as dental imaging
  • Amplification screens convert X-rays to light (100-10,000x)
  • Can use secondary aperture- A grid to decrease scattered light and increase contrast
  • Film can be replaced by image plates to give a greater dynamic range and possibilities of directly digitizing and improving the image through image processing.
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9
Q

Advantages of Digital Radiography

A
  • Greater contrast range gives fewer retakes due to poor exposure
  • Digital image handling gives fewer lost films and simplifies archiving
  • More eco-friendly
  • Easier to share with others throughout a network
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10
Q

Functional Principles of CT

A
  • A large number of projection rays are sent through the body, yielding many density profiles
  • Able to be reprojected into the slice through Radons formula or through filtered back projection
  • Gives good contrast resolution and very good geometric accuracy
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11
Q

Image Properties of CT

A
  • Measures X-ray density in absolute units to the Hounsfields scale
  • – -1000 for air
  • – 0 for water
  • – +1000 for bone

-Different tissues can be displayed optimally through different contrast windows in the display.

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12
Q

Magnetic Resonance Tomography (MRT)

A
  • Based on magnetic pulse sequences in a strong magnetic field
  • Different pulse sequences give different contrasts
  • The orientation of the slices can be chosen freely through manipulation of the magnetic fields
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13
Q

Image Properties of MRT

A
  • Very good contrast resolution for soft tissues
  • Very flexible, different pulse sequences give different contrast
  • Not possible to determine signal levels in absolute terms
  • Poor geometric precision
  • No known harmful effects
  • Still under strong development
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14
Q

MRT Technologies

A

Image properties influenced by the following factors:

  • Radio antenna coils can be adapted to anatomy and pathology; closer coils give better images.
  • Different pulse sequences give different contrast, resolution, signal noise, and registration times.
  • Triggering by heartbeat, blood motion, and breathing can increase resolution
  • Contrast media can enhance certain structures
  • With functional MR, fMRI can activity in the brain can be registered and imaged.
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15
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Shows the concentration and distribution of positron emitting tracer substances in the patient.

-These images are functional, not anatomical.

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16
Q

Functional Principles of PET

A
  • A positron emitting substance is injected into the body (produced in an accelerator)
  • Within minutes, the positrons will collide with an electron and create two co-linear 511keV gamma rays
  • These are picked up via detectors located in opposite locations in rings around the person; based on these, one can determine where an event took place.
  • Re-projection based on tomographic principle.
17
Q

Properties of PET Images

A
  • Gives functional images with good resolution; at least 1cm.
  • Glucose can be labeled with C11 and this makes it possible to see where fuel is needed in the brain; where the brain is working.
  • Very specific substances can be labeled so PET has many applications in pharmaceutical research
  • The need for an accelerator and a chemical lab that can handle high speed synthesis of radioactive compounds makes the technology very expensive.
18
Q

Functional Principles of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

A
  • A radioactive tracer is injected into the body
  • A matrix of detectors arranged above the body determines approximately where the radioactive disintegration occurs.
  • The detector can be moved into different positions, allowing for tomographic reconstruction.
  • Alternatively, a collimator with slanted holes can be used (ectomopgrahy)
19
Q

Image Properties of SPECT

A
  • Functional image with low resolution, some cm.
  • Images are intrinsically 3-D
  • Radioactive compounds can be obtained from long lived mother isotopes; much cheaper than accelerators.
  • Dynamic processes can be studied through long registrations
20
Q

Ultrasound (US)

A

Based on sonar acoustic principle
—Sound with high frequency (typically a few mHZ) is sent into the body and the echoes are studied.

-Can produce dynamic images in 2-D and 3-D

21
Q

Advantages of Digital Technology

A
  • Can create images with greater contrast range, less radiation.
  • Can handle images more efficiently.
  • Can create new types of images
  • –Slice images, computer tomography
  • –3-D volume images
  • –New physiological aspects (i.e. oxygen flow)
  • Can visualize images in new ways (3-D)
  • Can extract quantitative info from images
22
Q

Man v. Computer

A

Man: Superior in pattern recognition and interpretation.

Computer: Superior in storage, transportation, present, count and measure

-Computers can make images better for human analysis.

23
Q

Volume Rendering

A

An imaginative light ray is sent through each pixel in the image plane.

The color and intensity is determined through interaction between the ray and the volume elements in the volume in combination with different light sources.

24
Q

Volume Rendering Methods: Single Modality

A
  • Grey-evel gradient shading
  • Maximum intensity projection (MIP)
  • Integrated projection
25
Q

Volume Rendering Methods: Multiple Modalities

A
  • Combined rendering
  • Implicit segmentation
  • Surface projection of cortical activity
26
Q

Greylevel Gradient Shading

A
  • A greylevel threshold is set and rays are sent into the volume until a volume element with a value greater than the threshold is encountered.
  • The intensity gradient at these positions are combined with the light sources to render the image.
  • Cutting planes can be used to remove parts of the volume to make other parts more visible.

Intro to Biomedical Informatics (3 decks)

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