Test 3 FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
Big Five Personality Traits
A
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion (CANOE)
2
Q
Allport’s Lexical Hypothesis
A
- Personality characteristics that are most important in people’s lives will eventually become part of their language
- More important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language as a single word
3
Q
Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development
A
Theory focused on social and cultural influences on cognitive development where the parents structure environments for learning and then gradually remove the structure
4
Q
Piaget’s Theory of development
A
0-2 years of age: infant’s thoughts and actions are nearly identical, milestone is the object concept, common sense beliefs about objects
5
Q
Sensorimotor Stage
A
All infants under 8 months fail object permanence
6
Q
Kohlberg’s Theory of moral development
A
Social problem which has two or more solutions, each of which is ‘wrong’ in the same way
7
Q
Kohlberg’s Three major stages of moral development
A
Preconventional (punishment and reward)
Conventional (Societal Values)
Postconventional (Internal moral principles)
8
Q
Secure attachments
A
confidently explored the room with parent there, became distressed when the parent left, and came back to them for a hug when the parent returned.
9
Q
Insecure (Avoidant) attachment
A
explore the environment even when parents leave the room- do not go to parents for comfort.
10
Q
Insecure (Ambivalent) attachment
A
show stress when parents leave, but do not want comfort when parents return.
11
Q
Ainsworth’s Attachment theory
A
infants respond differently to “strange situations” depending on types of attachment
12
Q
Implications of poor attachment
A
attachment predicts later behavior
13
Q
When secure attachments occur
A
15 months
14
Q
When well adjusted attachments occur
A
3.5 years
15
Q
Harlow’s monkey experiements
A
Raised by “articifical mothers”. Motherless monkeys had bad mothering skills and killed their offspring. Results supported attachment theory
16
Q
Cupboard theory
A
Offspring attached to mother driven by biological needs (food)
17
Q
Attachment theory
A
(Bowlby) Comfort and love it key to attachment
18
Q
Greenough Rat Experiment
A
Rats were raised in two environments, “rich” and “poor” to see how experience influences biology
19
Q
Greenough Rat Experiment findings
A
“Poor rats”: Basic cage, no toys, lead to not many dendrites and bad communication
“Rich rats”: neurons had a lot more dendrites and ability for communication
20
Q
Patty Hearst
A
kidnapped and brainwashed by SLA propaganda, then proceeded to rob a bank in the name of SLA. EXTREME CONFORMITY
21
Q
Jim Jones
A
Moved followers to Guyana in South America and had them commit “Revolutionary Suicide”. EXTREME CONFORMITY
22
Q
Ambiguity in conformity
A
You will conform when a situation is ambiguous and you don’t know how to behave
23
Q
1936 Sherif study of conformity
A
when a person is an ambiguous situation, they will socially compare their actions with the groups
24
Q
Sherif’s implications
A
Playing along can lead to internalization and gradual change (implication)
25
Zimbardo prison study
We conform to expected behavior for a given role
ex: people assigned to be guards abused powers and took social roles to an extreme. Others were assigned to be prisoners and were abused
26
Zimbardo implications
You can get lost in a social role and conform to the expectations of this role (implication)
27
Foot-in-the-door effect
If you agree to a small request, you'll be more likely to agree to a larger request later
28
Door-in-the-face effect
If you say "no" to a large request, you'll be more likely to say "yes" to a more moderate request
29
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
excessive mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideals, or values at the same time
30
Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory
evidence against our positive self image produced discomfort
31
motivation to reduce dissonance will result in...
changed behavior- "stop eating the donut"
justify behavior- "I'm allowed to cheat every once in awhile"
justify behavior by changing beliefs- "I'll spend an extra 30 min at the gym to work it off"
(see examples in notes)
32
How to classify action as abnormal
1. Abnormal is infrequent
2. Abnormal is deviant (violates social norms)
3. Abnormal is maladaptive (harmful)
4. Abnormal is unjustifiable
33
Cohen Healthy Psychology study
High psychological stress makes you more likely to get sick, but social ties reduce risk of illness
34
Eustress
Stressor that motivates the individual to make necessary changes to achieve homeostasis
35
Distress
uncontrollable exposure to stressors can lead to negative physiological shifts like high blood pressure
36
Distant stress
Traumatic experiences that occurred in the past but continue to affect the person emotionally
37
Chronic stress
Stress does not have an end in sight
38
Acute stress
Stressor that does have an end in sight and can range in severity
39
Sympathetic nervous system combats stress with
secretion of catecholamine, increased heart rate, sweat and blood is diverted to muscle tissues
40
Nature vs Nurture
Studies have found that this is neither an "either-or" issue in development. In addition, the impact of genes on behavior depends on the environment where behavior begins
41
Post-Hoc fallacy
Logical error where you assume that A causes B just because B came after A
42
Bidirectional Influences
Children's development influences their experiences, but their experiences also influence their development
43
Cohort Effects
Cross -sectional designs examined people of different ages at the same time and Longitudinal designs tracked the development of same group of participants over time
44
Challenges in studying human development
Nature vs Nurture, Post-Hoc fallacy, Bidirectional Influences and Cohort Effects
45
Useful therapies for treating phobias
Behavioral therapies usually work best for these situations. Treatment involves un-learning abnormal behaviors and learning normal behaviors and exposure therapy
46
Exposure therapy
Therapy where the patient is systematically desensitized to their fear by being exposed to it in a neutral setting with gradual exposure
47
Phobias
Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation that is excessive given the reality of the threat, possibly caused by genetics or classical conditioning
48
Schizophrenia
Disorder of cognition, social isolation, hallucination or delusions, disturbance of affect and some symptoms are positive or negative
49
Causes of Schizophrenia
Causes can include a biological predisposition of too much dopamine in the frontal lobe or psychological/social stress that triggers onset
50
Milgram's obedience experiment
Study that asked if normal people would perform evil taste simply because an authority figure asked them to do so.
51
What were Milgram's obedience results
65% of participants delivered a shock (26 of 40), some continued even after the "learner" stopped responding.
52
What defined Obedience in Milgram's experiment?
Delivering the full 450 volt shock
53
Milgram's explanation for obedience
Loss of responsibility for participants, situational obligation (foot-in-the-door), science is a legitimate institution
54
Diagnostic tool for mental disorders which identifies psychosocial or contextual factors that may contribute to the disorder
DSM5
55
In order to be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder, five of the following symptoms must be present all day for two weeks:
ONE major: Depressed mood, loss of interest
Other: change in appetite, sleep disturbance, fatigue, agitation, diminished ability to think, feeling worthless, suicidal
56
Disorder causes unsual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks
Bipolar disorder
57
What is a Manic Episode
A distinct period of elevated or irritable mood, increased goal-directed activity at least once a week
58
What is a Hypomanic Episode
A distinct period of elevated or irritable mood, increased goal-directed activity less than once a week
59
What is a major depressive Episode
ONE major: Depressed mood, loss of interest
Other: change in appetite, sleep disturbance, fatigue, agitation, diminished ability to think, feeling worthless, suicidal
60
Exposed to a traumatic event and respond with intense fear, helplessness or horror
PTSD
61
Criteria for being diagnosed with PTSD
must experience 4 symptom clusters for over a month
62
Cluster 1
Intrustions
| Traumatic event is persistently re-experienced
63
Cluster 2
Avoidance
| Persistent avoidance of stimulate associated with trauma
64
Cluster 3
Negative alterations in cognition/mood
| inability to remember event, negative beliefs and detachment
65
Cluster 4
Arousal
| Persistent symptoms of increased arousal
66
People who meet criteria for diagnosis experience all same symptoms of PTSD but symptoms must persist for at least 3 days and no more than a month
Acute Anxiety Disorder
67
This experiment showed the detrimental effects of labeling when the experimenter was checked into the hospital for hearing voices, then proceeded to behave as they usually would, but was still classified as insane
Rosenhan 1973
68
This happens when someone speaks in over generalizations and categorizes objects
Over-extension
69
grammatical errors that usually start in the early stages of a child’s language development where language rules are applied too generally, rather than according to the idiosyncracies (words that don't follow the usual rules of the language)
Over-regularization error
70
Believed that humans are born with the capability to speak
innate linguistic ability
71
How biological, psychological and social factors affect physical health
Biopsychosocial model
72
Genetic factors, what we inherit from our parents, and our physiology (how our body functions) are factors for what?
Biological factors in Biopsychosocial model
73
Psychological factors in Biopsychosocial model
cognition, emotion, motivation, social factors, family
74
process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges
stress
75
What are the stages of General Adaption Syndrome
1. stressors occur, alarm reaction
2. resistance (cope with stressor)
3. Exhaustion (reserves depleted)
76
What did the Marchua experiment find?
Dental students' puncture wounds took longer to heal in times of stress (finals) than they would in a period of relaxation (summer)
77
When are people likely to conform?
People conform in situations of ambiguity, in group setting, and on a daily basis by doing something as simple as wearing clothes
78
People’s tendency to overemphasize internal explanations for the behavior of others, while failing to take into account the power of the situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error
79
Piaget's two process of change
Assimilation and accommodation
80
Perceiving or thinking about new objects in terms of existing
Assimilation
81
Knowledge based on new objects or events
Accommodation
82
Infants under 8 months who fail object permanence testing
Sensorimotor stage
83
2-7 years of age when there is emergence of symbolic thought and development of language and can't take on other perspectives or mental manipulations
Preoperational Stage
84
7-11 years go age when there is increases of symbolic thought and kids can perform manipulations on physical objects. Kids can now also pass conversation tasks, but lack formal reasoning
Concrete Operational Stage
85
11+ years of age
| ability to think in abstract an abstract manner with scientific reasoning
Formaal Operational Stage
86
Windows of time in development during which an organism MUST learn an ability if it's going to learn at all
Critical period
87
Critical period for language
5 years-puberty
88
Windows of time in development during which an organism will most easily learn a particular ability
Sensitive period
89
People are old that they tend to do a certain type of behavior, so they become more aware and fix the problem
Enlightenment Effect
90
When you give a primary low cost, but then tack on other costs that add up to the total
Low-ball technique of persuasion
91
The more attractive or personable the messenger is, the more likely you are to oblige
Characteristics of the messenger
92
Technique of persuasion when you get a better response and and are more persuasive when you correct someone rather than they are saying they are doing something completely wrong
Correction of misinformation
93
What is the major fuel for the brain
Glucose
94
Needed for action potentials
Sodium and Potassium
95
Building blocks for neurotransmitters
Proteins
96
Major component of myelin
Fat
97
Vitamins that aid the production of neurotransmitters
B vitamins, vitamin C and Zinc
98
Required for metabolism, neuronal functioning and membranes and nerve impulses
Thiamin (B1)
99
The biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within the person that account for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and acting
Personality
100
Neuroticism
decreases with age
101
Extraversion
stable throughout life
102
Openness
Increases early, decreases later
103
Agreeableness
small increases
104
Conscientiousness
Increases with age
105
How ones thoughts, feelings and behaviors are affected by others
Social Psychology
106
What are biological treatments for Mental Disorders
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
107
What are cognitive treatments for mental disorders
cognitive behavioral therapy that addresses dysfunctional emotions through a goal-oriented approach
