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Global Issues > Test 3 / Final > Flashcards

Test 3 / Final Flashcards

1
Q

Who wrote the Definition of Terrorism?

A

Bruce Hoffman

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2
Q

What is the Definition of Terrorism?

A

violence, or the threat of violence, committed by non-state actors for a political purpose

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3
Q

Who published Clash of Civilizations theory? When?

A

Samuel Huntington

1993

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4
Q

What are the 3 assumptions of Clash of Civilizations?

A

1- Up until now (1993), most wars have been state vs. state
2- Most wars have been over ideology
3- In the future, wars will be civilizations fighting each other

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5
Q

According to Huntington, what is a civilization?

A

highest cultural grouping of identity

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6
Q

What are Huntington’s 8 civilizations? Who do they include?

A 
Western (US, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand)
Confucian (Chinese-influenced)
Japanese
Islamic (based on religious identity; middle east, North Africa, Southeast Asia, Indonesia)
Hindu (India and surrounding countries)
Slavic Orthodox (Eastern Europe, Russia)
Latin America (Mexico, South America)
Africa (sub-saharan)
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7
Q

Clash of Civilizations: Explain how differences between civilizations are real and basic.

A

civilizations have completely different viewpoints on relationships

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8
Q

Clash of Civilizations: Explain how the world is a much smaller place than it used to be.

A

communication through technology, travel is easier, people migrate more and cause clash because people don’t like newcomers

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9
Q

Clash of Civilizations: Explain globalization.

A

politics, spread of democracy, spread of capitalism; spread of western culture, people feel like they’re losing their unique culture to westernization so they cling to whatever they have left (often religion), this leads to an increase in religious extremism and terrorism

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10
Q

Clash of Civilizations: Explain how there’s very little compromise between cultural differences.

A

religious differences are very hard to compromise on

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11
Q

Clash of Civilizations: Explain how the west is at the peak of its power.

A

anyone will want to take their power; a lot of other civilizations will target western civilizations; West vs. the Rest mentality

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12
Q

West vs. the Rest: What are the 3 choices of the Rest?

A

1- Isolation (cut themselves off from the world; North Korea)
2- Bandwagon (with the West)
3- Balance (against West; Russia)

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13
Q

What does it mean if a terrorist group is rational?

A

They are willing to negotiate.

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14
Q

What does it mean if a terrorist group has a formal structure?

A

They have a leader and/or levels of authority.

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15
Q

Why can’t states be terrorists?

A

They have to answer to the Geneva Convention and other institutions.

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16
Q

Where did the Red Brigade originate? During what years were they active?

A

Italy

1970 - 1988

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17
Q

What was the Red Brigade’s purpose or goal?

A

wanted Italy to join the Soviet Union and become a communist state

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18
Q

Is the Red Brigade a state or non-state actor?

A

non-state

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19
Q

Does the Red Brigade have religious goals?

A

no

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20
Q

Is the Red Brigade rational?

A

yes; they expressed interest in negotiating

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21
Q

Did the Red Brigade have political goals?

A

yes

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22
Q

Was the Red Brigade violent?

A

yes; kidnapping and assassinations

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23
Q

Did the Red Brigade have international goals?

A

no; focused on Italy

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24
Q

Did the Red Brigade receive support from other terrorist groups?

A

yes; PLO

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25
Q

Did the Red Brigade receive support from other states?

A

yes; Soviet Union

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26
Q

Did the Red Brigade have a formal structure?

A

yes; militaristic

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27
Q

What does IRA stand for?

A

Irish Republican Army

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28
Q

Where did the IRA originate? What years were they active?

A

Ireland; 1919 - 1922

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29
Q

What was the fate of the Red Brigade?

A

dissolution after decline in communism and fall of USSR

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30
Q

What was the fate of the Provisional IRA (Provos)?

A

It became a functional political party.

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31
Q

Is the Provisional IRA (Provos) a state or non-state actor?

A

non-state, initially
became a state actor
BOTH

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32
Q

Did the Provisional IRA (Provos) have religious goals?

A

no; Catholics and Protestants were involved but they weren’t the focus

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33
Q

Was the Provisional IRA (Provos) rational?

A

yes; treaty in 1998 for ceasefire and relinquishing of weapons in 2005

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34
Q

Did the Provisional IRA (Provos) have political goals?

A

yes; independence for Ireland

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35
Q

What was the Provisional IRA’s main goal or purpose?

A

They wanted the Irish Republic to be independent from Britain.

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36
Q

What years was the Provisional IRA or Provos active?

A

1969 - 2005

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37
Q

Was the Provisional IRA violent?

A

yes; bombings, kidnappings, assassinations

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38
Q

What did the Provisional IRA invent?

A

car bomb

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39
Q

Did the Provisional IRA have international goals?

A

no; focused on Ireland

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40
Q

Did the Provisional IRA receive support from other terrorist groups?

A

yes; PLO

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41
Q

Did the Provisional IRA receive support from other states?

A

yes; Libya & US-Irish community

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42
Q

Did the Provisional IRA have a formal structure?

A

yes; para-military

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43
Q

From what conflict did Hamas originate?

A

Israeli Jews vs. Arab Palestinian Muslims, religious claims on Israel

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44
Q

What years was Hamas active?

A

1987 - present

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45
Q

Why was Hamas formed?

A

The PLO became a political party and were viewed as “going soft.”

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46
Q

Why do the Palestinian people like Hamas?

A

They provide money for services (roads, public parks, orphanages) like a government.

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47
Q

How does Hamas rationalize civilian casualties in Israel?

A

All Israeli citizens are required to join the army at age 18 and serve in the military for 2-3 years. They remain members of the military until age 45.
According to Hamas, every Israeli is a current, future, or past soldier.

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48
Q

Is Hamas a state or non-state actor?

A

BOTH

ran as a political party

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49
Q

Does Hamas have religious goals?

A

no, despite the underlying religious issue

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50
Q

What is Hamas’s main goal or purpose?

A

Hamas wants an independent Palestinian state, including Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Israel.

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51
Q

Hamas is an ____ ____ movement.

A

Islamist Resistance

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52
Q

Is Hamas rational?

A

no/unknown

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53
Q

Does Hamas have political goals?

A

yes; they want to establish a government

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54
Q

Is Hamas violent?

A

yes; suicide bomb

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55
Q

Does Hamas have international goals?

A

no; focused on Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Israel

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56
Q

Does Hamas receive support from other terrorist groups?

A

yes, likely

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57
Q

Does Hamas receive support from other states?

A

yes; Saudi Arabia & other Arab states

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58
Q

Does Hamas have a formal structure?

A

yes; political party

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59
Q

When did Al-Qaeda become known?

A

1994 or 1995

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60
Q

What is Al-Qaeda influenced by?

A

Sunni Islam, specifically “wahabism”

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61
Q

Who founded Al-Qaeda? What nationality is the founder?

A

Osama bin Laden; Saudi Arabian

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62
Q

infidels

A

non-believers, non-Muslims

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63
Q

caliphate

A

religious government

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64
Q

mujahedin

A

Islamic fighter

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65
Q

What are the four goals of Al-Qaeda?

A

1- elimination of foreign influence in Muslim countries
2- eradication of infidels (especially those on Muslim land)
3- destruction of Israelis
4- establish caliphate; one government over the Muslim world

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66
Q

Why did bin Laden originally train mujahedin?

A

to fight in Afghanistan against the invading Soviets; war 1979 - 1989

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67
Q

Why was bin Laden’s Saudi Arabian citizenship revoked?

A

He denounced the government for allowing infidels on their soil. Saudi Arabia sought help from the US against Saddam Hussein, rather than using bin Laden’s mujahedin.

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68
Q

Where did bin Laden go after his native citizenship was revoked? Why?

A

Sudan; extreme Islamist government, only place that would take him

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69
Q

When and where was bin Laden found?

A

May 2011, Pakistan

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70
Q

Is Al-Qaeda a state or non-state actor?

A

non-state

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71
Q

Does Al-Qaeda have religious goals?

A

yes; wants a central Muslim government, wants to eradicate infidels

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72
Q

Is Al-Qaeda rational?

A

no

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73
Q

Does Al-Qaeda have political goals?

A

yes; Muslim government

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74
Q

Is Al-Qaeda violent?

A

yes; bombings and assassinations

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75
Q

Does Al-Qaeda have international goals?

A

yes; one government over entire Muslim world

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76
Q

Does Al-Qaeda receive support from other terrorist groups?

A

yes, likely

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77
Q

Does Al-Qaeda receive support from other states?

A

yes; Pakistan, maybe Sudan & Saudi Arabia

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78
Q

Does Al-Qaeda have a formal structure?

A

no, not anymore; decentralized

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79
Q

What is Al-Qaeda since bin Laden’s death?

A

Ideology.
It’s no longer one central organization. Instead, it’s a bunch of separate cells around the world. People who agree with bin Laden’s ideas get together on their own and perpetuate attacks.

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80
Q

Who published Blowback Theory?

A

Charles Johnson

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81
Q

What does Blowback Theory suggest?

A

Terrorist attacks in the modern age are due to the unintended consequences (blowback) of previous foreign policy interventions in countries around the world.

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82
Q

Blowback Theory: What policy is usually responsible for blowback? Give an example.

A

Intervention. “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.”
ex.: In the 1980s, the CIA helped train bin Laden’s mujahedin in Afghanistan, because they were battling the Soviets and communism. This led to 9/11.

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83
Q

West vs. the Rest: Which of the three options will “The Rest” states usually choose?

A

Bandwagon and Balance

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84
Q

Who published Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare?

A

Donald Snow

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85
Q

What does Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare list?

A

reasons states will lose the battle against terrorism/ characteristics of asymmetric warriors

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86
Q

What 5 characteristics of asymmetric warriors does Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare list?

A

1- no distinction between military and civilian targets
2- they are non-state actors
3- they are patient
4- these conflicts often occur in failed states
5- asymmetric warfare is adaptable

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87
Q

Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Why are terrorists or asymmetric warriors so hard to defeat?

A

they fight so differently compared to state militaries

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88
Q

Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why “no distinction between military and civilian targets” is a reason.

A

Terrorists can kill civilians and blame it on the state, increasing resistance. Terrorists don’t follow rules and are everywhere.

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89
Q

Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why “they are non-state actors” is a reason.

A

The US has to ask permission to go into a state and fight a terrorist group because of sovereignty. The state could say no.

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90
Q

Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why “they are patient” is a reason.

A

Terrorists can wait until the US or other major state leaves the country. They know they’ll leave, because war is expensive and the public only has so much patience.

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91
Q

Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why “these conflicts often occur in failed states” is a reason.

A

Failed states are a breeding ground for terrorism, because desperate people do desperate things. To fight and end terrorism, we need to help failed states, but that costs money and time. As long as there are failed states, there will be terrorism.

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92
Q

Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why “asymmetric warfare is adaptable” is a reason.

A

Asymmetric warriors can change their fighting style instantly. Symmetric militaries are large and have specialized skills.

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93
Q

Does Snow believe we will ever win the fight against terrorism? How does he think we could do it?

A

No; eradicate poverty

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94
Q

What is the current world population?

A

7.2 billion

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95
Q

The world population has more than doubled since ____.

A

1960

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96
Q

What 5 reasons might population growth rates vary from region to region?

A

1- religion (Catholics don’t believe in birth control)
2- access to contraception
3- government (China)
4- value of a child (expensive; could be used as a worker)
5- education (specifically of women)

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97
Q

The more education a woman has, the ___ children she will have.

A

fewer

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98
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

Average number of children born per female member of the population during her lifetime

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99
Q

Replacement Fertility Rate

A

The total fertility rate that keeps a population stable

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100
Q

What is the current Replacement Fertility Rate?

A

2.1 kids per woman

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101
Q

Who published Demographic Transition Theory? When?

A

Dudley Kirk; late 1970s

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102
Q

What did the Demographic Transition Theory look at?

A

UK & US history and progression

population

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103
Q

Demographic Transition Theory: Prior to the Industrial Revolution, in the ____ Stage, the population was stable because…

A

Pre-Industrial; there were high death rates and high birth rates.

104
Q

Demographic Transition Theory: Why were birth and death rates high in the Pre-Industrial Stage?

A

many kids die, so people had a lot of kids to compensate

105
Q

Demographic Transition Theory: From 1800-1870, during the ____ Stage, there was a ___ birth rate and a ___ death rate.

A

Transitional; high; low

106
Q

Demographic Transition Theory: Why did the birth rate remain high while the death rate lowered during the Transitional Stage?

A

Tradition & better health, clean water, food, safer life

107
Q

Demographic Transition Theory: From 1870 - 1970, during the ____ Stage, the ___ rate declined.

A

Industrial; birth

108
Q

Demographic Transition Theory: Why did the birth rate decline during the Industrial Stage?

A

Women were educated, contraception introduced, families are expensive

109
Q

Demographic Transition Theory: From 1970 - present, during the ___ Stage, birth and death rates are ____. The population is ____.

A

Post-Industrial; low; stable

110
Q

Kirk believes that most developed states have reached the Post-Industrial Stage, and by _____ every state will reach this stage.

A

2050

111
Q

The ___ educated a woman is, the ___ kids she will have.

A

more; fewer

112
Q

List the 4 stages of Kirk’s Demographic Transition Theory in order.

A

Pre-Industrial, Transitional, Industrial, Post-Industrial

113
Q

Which state is the most effective at population control?

A

China

114
Q

What does China use to control the population?

A

“The Family Planning Policy” which restricts the number of kids a couple can have to one (there are some exceptions that allow 2)

115
Q

Under what 3 conditions can a Chinese couple have 2 children?

A

1- If you live in a rural area (like a farmer)
2- If you’re an ethnic minority (9% of population qualifies for this)
3- If one parent is an only child

116
Q

What is the Chinese policy on multiple births (twins, triplets, etc)?

A

If it was natural (not in-vitro), it is acceptable.

117
Q

Why did China implement the Family Planning Policy? When?

A

conserve natural resources, ‘For the health of our entire state and our future’; 1978

118
Q

How is the Family Planning Policy enforced in China?

A

The government provides a couple’s first child with healthcare, education, etc. Unauthorized children are not provided for by the government, and parents must pay a fine.

119
Q

How is the unauthorized child fine determined in China?

A

5 times the average income of your area

120
Q

What has happened with wealthy families in China, regarding children?

A

They pay the fine, because they can afford it, and have more than one child.

121
Q

What are the benefits of the Family Planning Policy?

A
  • Improved healthcare for women
    • lower infant mortality rate
  • increased savings rate
    • helped Chinese economy
122
Q

Why has healthcare for women improved in China?

A

There is a focus on pregnant women and their children. There is a lower infant mortality rate.

123
Q

Why has there been an increased savings rate in China?

A

the Family Planning Policy has helped the Chinese economy because people have more money to spend and save

124
Q

What are the detractions/drawbacks to the Family Planning Policy?

A
  • forced abortions

- gender imbalance

125
Q

Why is there a gender imbalance in China?

A

many abortions of female fetuses, high female infanticide, girls given up for adoption

126
Q

Why are boys valued more in China?

A

they take care of elderly parents, girls take care of their husband’s parents

127
Q

How has China’s population growth rate changed since the implementation of the Family Planning Policy?

A

2% before policy, 0.4% now

128
Q

What 3 solutions is China considering to alleviate the gender imbalance?

A

1- change the policy to allow 2 kids for everyone, encourage people to keep girls
2- monthly stipend from government for families who keep girls
3- change in university acceptance to allow more girls

129
Q

How does India attempt population control?

A
  • state-run healthcare and free birth control

- use of propaganda to encourage smaller families and keeping girls (they have a female infanticide problem)

130
Q

How does Kenya attempt to control population? Why does it need to control population according to propaganda?

A

use of propaganda to encourage smaller families; there won’t be enough jobs in the future

131
Q

Who published “Tragedy of the Commons?” When?

A

Garrett Hardin, a biologist; 1968

132
Q

What inspired Tragedy of the Commons?

A

Darwinian Survival of the Fittest

133
Q

What does Tragedy of the Commons say causes environmental degradation?

A

behavior that makes sense from an individual perspective, when repeated by many individuals, is detrimental to the common good of all

134
Q

Give an example of trans-boundary pollution.

A

a country dumps trash in a river and another country downstream gets the polluted water

135
Q

Why was Tragedy of the Commons written?

A

to explain environmental degradation

136
Q

What is one cause of Tragedy of the Commons?

A

overpopulation

137
Q

What does Hardin think will help Tragedy of the Commons?

A

population control

138
Q

According to Hardin, what is the problem with the world?

A

We live in a welfare society. The government aids kids that they think need help. People are kept alive artificially or through aid.

139
Q

What does Hardin think should done for people/kids who need help surviving?

A

Nothing. They should be allowed to die off to control/limit the population.

140
Q

Hardin published the “Living on a Lifeboat” analogy in 1974. A lifeboat comfortably holds 50 people. 10 more could possibly fit. A ship sinks, there are 50 people in the lifeboat and 100 in the water. What 3 options do you have, being in the lifeboat? Which option would Hardin pick?

A

1- Put everyone in the lifeboat. The boat sinks. Everyone dies.
2- Try to fit 10 more people in the lifeboat. Who would you pick? The boat may still sink.
3- Take no more than 50 people. Everyone in the lifeboat lives.
Hardin would choose option 3.

141
Q

What would Hardin say to people who feel guilty for being in the lifeboat in the “Living on a Lifeboat” analogy?

A

Get out and yield your place to others.

142
Q

What is Hardin’s preferred solution to Tragedy of the Commons? What is his practical solution, knowing the preferred is unpopular?

A

Control or limit the population; mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon policies, laws, and regulations that limit people’s behavior

143
Q

Who published “Environmental Change and Conflict?”

A

Thomas Homer-Dixon

144
Q

What debate is associated with Environmental Change and Conflict?

A

Neo-Malthusian vs. Cornucopian

145
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: Neo-Malthusian

A

Modern believer in the ideas of Malthus, there will be massive starvation because there are too many people and not enough resources

146
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: Cornucopian

A

Believe we will run out of resources but we will find technological substitutions

147
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: What does Homer-Dixon believe about the NvC debate?

A

In the past, Cornucopians have been right. In the future, Neo-Malthusians will be right.

148
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? In the past we’ve only faced single scarcities at a time. In the future, we’ll see…

A

many scarcities at once, largely due to global climate change.

149
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? In the past, when something goes scarce it’s ___. We see it coming and we can ____. In the future, scarcities will come ____.

A

gradual; prepare; suddenly

150
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? We use ___ resources today than in the past. Our consumption of resources is ____.

A

more; massive

151
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? We do not price resources like we should. They are priced too ____, so people buy and use ___. We should ___ prices on natural resources. Then, people will want to pay for ____.

A

low; more; raise; alternatives

152
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? Many of the shortages will be in the ___ world. These countries can’t…

A

developing; pay to find technological alternatives.

153
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? Cornucopians have faith in ____ and their abilities to ____ these problems. Environmental problems are so ____, humans can’t understand. It’s like the ____ Effect.

A

human; solve; complex; Butterfly

154
Q

Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? Once we start to face shortages, states would need to ____ together and ____. Instead, there will be ____ which will make the problem worse. It will be a ___ eat ____ world.

A

work; cooperate; war; dog; dog

155
Q

What are the 2 types of water scarcity?

A

Physical and Economic

156
Q

Physical Water Scarcity

A

there are actually no water resources

157
Q

Economic Water Scarcity

A

the water may be there, but there isn’t infrastructure (pipes, etc) to get it where it needs to go

158
Q

According to WHO, about how many people are living without clean drinking water?

A

1.1 billion

159
Q

According to WHO, about how many people are living without adequate sanitation?

A

2.6 billion

160
Q

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is one type of ___ ___.

A

mutual coercion

161
Q

What are the four parts of IWRM?

A

social equity, policy decentralization, economic management, environmental sustainability

162
Q

IWRM: social equity

A

everyone (rich or poor) should have access to clean water

163
Q

IWRM: policy decentralization

A

let locations (state, town, city) set their own water policy because they know what they need most

164
Q

IWRM: economic management

A

bringing the greatest benefit to the greatest number of users possible with the available financial and water resources

165
Q

IWRM: environmental sustainability

A

requiring that aquatic ecosystems are acknowledged as users and that adequate allocation is made to sustain their natural functioning

166
Q

What does IWRM stand for?

A

Integrated Water Resources Management

167
Q

Which two IWRM principles contradict each other?

A

social equity and economic management

168
Q

Is a state required to implement all four IWRM policies?

A

No, they can choose what works for their state

169
Q

Name a state that has tried to implement IWRM.

A

India, home of the Ganges River

170
Q

IWRM does not cover ____ water.

A

trans-boundary

171
Q

What are the three sources of pollution in the Ganges River in India?

A

1- Sewage (115 towns along the river don’t treat it)
2- Chemicals from the tanning (leather) industry
3- Varanasi (partially cremated corpses)

172
Q

Why is India allowed to use the Farakka Barrage, which keeps water from Bangladesh?

A

sovereignty

173
Q

Why isn’t water cleaned in Varanasi?

A

The system is electrical, but the electricity is only on for a few hours per day.

174
Q

Why didn’t IWRM work in India?

A

The weren’t specific enough about decentralization, so Varanasi couldn’t get permission from the state to implement it locally.

175
Q

Where is the US water shortage?

A

Colorado River, western US

176
Q

Who published Five Wars of Globalization?

A

Moises Naim

177
Q

What are the 5 wars of globalization?

A

Drug trade, weapons/arms trafficking, intellectual property, human trafficking, money laundering

178
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Drug trade is worth about $___ a year, and the US spends $___ a year fighting it.

A

400 billion; 40 billion

179
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Where does drug trade originate? Where does it end?

A

developing world

180
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: What is one way drug demand is fought in the Netherlands?

A

rehab

181
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: How much is spent on rehab and free facilities to fight drug trade?

A

$260 million

182
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Illegal weapons are worth $___ a year.

A

60 billion

183
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Weapons are very costly in terms of ___.

A

death

184
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: ___ supply and ___ demand worsens illegal arms trafficking.

A

Low; high

185
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Illegal weapons cause ___ deaths per day.

A

1000

186
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Illegal weapons are often paid for with ___ ___ like ___ ___.

A

natural resources; conflict diamonds

187
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Intellectual property includes…

A

copyright and patents

188
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: ____ is involved with intellectual property.

A

Everyone

189
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Intellectual Property is worth $___ per year.

A

650 billion

190
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Which trade is growing the fastest?

A

human trafficking

191
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: What is the human trafficking trade worth per year?

A

$32 billion

192
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: What are the 2 methods of human trafficking?

A

1- smuggle a person across a state border

2- woman/child kidnapped and sold into slavery

193
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: How much does it cost to smuggle a person into the US from China?

A

$35000

194
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: How much does a woman involved in human trafficking cost in eastern Europe?

A

$50 - $200

195
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: What is money laundering?

A

take money earned illegally and clean it

196
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: Which war combines all other trades?

A

money laundering

197
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: How is money cleaned for money laundering?

A

mafia or areas with relaxed banking laws

198
Q

Five Wars of Globalization: How much is money laundering worth annually?

A

$1 trillion

199
Q

What are the 4 reasons, according to Naim, the Five Wars of Globalization can’t be won by the state?

A

1- wars not bound by geography
2- these problems defy sovereignty
3- governments are pitted against economic sources
4- bureaucracies are pit against networks

200
Q

Elaborate on the issues with sovereignty when battling the Five Wars of Globalization.

A

These problems defy traditional ideals of sovereignty. Criminals don’t follow the laws of the state, but police and military have to.

201
Q

Elaborate on the issues with economic forces when battling the Five Wars of Globalization.

A

Economic forces will always win. Inelastic vs. Elastic Demand

202
Q

Inelastic vs. Elastic Demand

A

elastic- as price for the product changes, demand changes (higher price, lower demand)
inelastic- price does not affect demand (drugs)

203
Q

Elaborate on the issues with bureaucracies when battling the Five Wars of Globalization.

A

adaptability

governments are slow and traffickers adapt

204
Q

According to Naim, what are 4 things states can do to help their chances.

A

1- Government should be more flexible about sovereignty.
2- Strengthen international institutions.
3- Write new laws addressing the new millennium of crime.
4- Move from repression to regulation.

205
Q

How can states be more flexible about ideas of sovereignty?

A

get over it and trust each other

206
Q

Elaborate on the need to strength international institutions according to Naim. Which international institution does he highlight?

A

they need to be able to fight more effectively; Interpol

207
Q

What is Interpol short for?

A

International Police

208
Q

What are three issues with Interpol?

A
  • terribly funded ($30 million/year)
  • 385 staff globally (only 112 are actual law enforcement officers)
  • states are reluctant to trust Interpol, because they don’t want their information shared
209
Q

How can states move from repression to regulation according to Naim?

A

makes some these trades legal so they can control it and make money

210
Q

Who outlined the strategies of TANs and discussed norms?

A

Margaret Keck and Katherine Sikkink

211
Q

What are TANs?

A

Traditional Advocacy Networks; a network of NGOs bound together by shared values and a dense exchange of information

212
Q

How many issues do TANs or NGOs normally operate around?

A

one

213
Q

TANs can affect ____ and ___ ___.

A

corporations; state behavior

214
Q

What 4 strategies do TANs use?

A

1- Information politics
2- Symbolic politics
3- Naming and Shaming
4- Accountability politics

215
Q

TANs: information politics

A

providing information to members of the public that it may not otherwise have access to (ex. testimonies)

216
Q

TANs: symbolic politics

A

a TAN or NGO will take one isolated event and turn it into a symbol for a larger problem; commonly used for environmental NGOs (ex. Chico Medes, rubber tapping in the Amazon rainforest; polar bears, global warming)

217
Q

TANs: naming and shaming

A

naming a company/country whose behavior they dislike and shaming them (ex. P&G, rainforests, Greenpeace)

218
Q

TANs: accountability politics

A

TANs/NGOs try to hold states accountable for what they have done; naming and shaming a state for not keeping their promises (ex. US holding people in Guantanamo Bay without trial)

219
Q

NGOs and TANs are trying to spread ____.

A

norms

220
Q

norms

A

expected standards of behavior (written and unwritten)

221
Q

Norms are not ____. They are constantly ____. People must be ____.

A

static; changing; openminded

222
Q

What are the 3 stages in the Life Cycle of a Norm?

A

1- Norm Emergence
2- Tipping Point
3- Internalization

223
Q

Life Cycle of a Norm: Norm Emergence

A

norm is pushed by “norm entrepreneurs” like peers, parents, and Hollywood

224
Q

Life Cycle of a Norm: Tipping Point

A

1/3 of states in a system accept norm; the norm then “cascades” throughout the globe

225
Q

Life Cycle of a Norm: Internalization

A

the norm becomes a matter of routine; it becomes internalized within laws

226
Q

Give an example of norms currently going through the Life Cycle.

A
  • gay marriage in the US
  • getting rid of land mines throughout the world, particularly Cambodia (Princess Diana and NGOs were “entrepreneurs”) The Ottowa Treaty was signed in 1997 to lessen land mines, aimed at Cambodia
227
Q

Human rights are ___.

A

norms

228
Q

What are human rights?

A

a standard by which a state should treat its own citizens

229
Q

What is the UDHR?

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), a list of 30 rights all people have

230
Q

Who wrote the UDHR? What is the significance of that?

A

General Assembly in the UN; it’s non-binding

231
Q

What 7 topics are the rights in the UDHR listed under?

A
  • Security Rights
  • Liberty
  • Political
  • Due Process
  • Equality
  • Group
  • Economic & Welfare
232
Q

UDHR: Security Rights

A

the government is not allowed to murder, massacre, torture, or rape its citizens

233
Q

UDHR: Liberty Rights

A

freedom of speech, religion, association (what groups you join), movement (throughout state)

234
Q

UDHR: Political Rights

A

freedom to vote, have representation, peacefully protest

235
Q

UDHR: Due Process Rights

A

fair, speedy trial, free from excessive punishment

236
Q

UDHR: Equality Rights

A

everyone is equal under the law

237
Q

UDHR: Group Rights

A

protection of the group, government can’t target a specific group for elimination

238
Q

UDHR: Economic & Welfare Rights

A

protection from severe poverty and starvation, right to have a job, social security (retirement pension from government), healthcare, education (free primary, available secondary and higher)

239
Q

What 3 groups protested the UDHR?

A

Islamic World, Asian States, Developing World

240
Q

Which topics of the UDHR did the Islamic World protest?

A

equality (gender)

liberty (religion)

241
Q

Which topics of the UDHR did the Asian States protest?

A

political (protest)
equality
liberty (movement, etc)

242
Q

Which topics of the UDHR did the Developing World protest?

A

economic and welfare

243
Q

Why did the Developing World protest economic and welfare rights in the UDHR?

A

the states can’t afford them

244
Q

Why did Asian States protest parts of the UDHR?

A

Confucianism

245
Q

Confucianism is a ____ ____ that outlines a ___ ___.

A

social system; social hierarchy

246
Q

What 5 relationships did Confucius list?

A
  1. Ruler to subject
  2. Father to son
  3. Husband to wife
  4. Elder brother to younger brother
  5. Friend to friend
247
Q

What is the nature of the relationships Confucius listed?

A

person 1 is in charge of and cares for person 2, person 2 respects person 1 in return

248
Q

How did the UN handle the protests to the UDHR?

A

they split the UDHR into 2 covenants

249
Q

What are the 2 covenants of the UDHR?

A
  • Civil and Political Rights

- Economic and Social Rights

250
Q

What is the main criticism of the UDHR?

A

It’s a Western influenced/created document.

The West is coming into their country and telling them how to behave.

251
Q

Who published “The Attack on Human Rights”?

A

Michael Ignatieff

252
Q

What is Ignatieff’s opinion on the UDHR?

A

He supports it, saying it’s a universal document, not a Western one.

253
Q

Why does Ignatieff support the UDHR (2)?

A

1- The UDHR never mentions religion. It is a secular document.
2- If you consider John Rawls “Veil of Ignorance”, the UDHR covers everything mentioned there.

254
Q

What is Rawls Veil of Ignorance?

A

Intellectual exercise used to judge the morality of an issue.

255
Q

What does Rawls Veil of Ignorance ask?

A

If you are in the Veil of Ignorance, how would you like Earth to be when you return?

256
Q

People attack human rights and say they are too _____.

A

Western

257
Q

Why was religion left out of the UDHR?

A

They wanted to include everyone and avoid isolating anyone.

Global Issues (4 decks)

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