Test 3 / Final Flashcards
1
Q
Who wrote the Definition of Terrorism?
A
Bruce Hoffman
2
Q
What is the Definition of Terrorism?
A
violence, or the threat of violence, committed by non-state actors for a political purpose
3
Q
Who published Clash of Civilizations theory? When?
A
Samuel Huntington
1993
4
Q
What are the 3 assumptions of Clash of Civilizations?
A
1- Up until now (1993), most wars have been state vs. state
2- Most wars have been over ideology
3- In the future, wars will be civilizations fighting each other
5
Q
According to Huntington, what is a civilization?
A
highest cultural grouping of identity
6
Q
What are Huntington’s 8 civilizations? Who do they include?
A
Western (US, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand) Confucian (Chinese-influenced) Japanese Islamic (based on religious identity; middle east, North Africa, Southeast Asia, Indonesia) Hindu (India and surrounding countries) Slavic Orthodox (Eastern Europe, Russia) Latin America (Mexico, South America) Africa (sub-saharan)
7
Q
Clash of Civilizations: Explain how differences between civilizations are real and basic.
A
civilizations have completely different viewpoints on relationships
8
Q
Clash of Civilizations: Explain how the world is a much smaller place than it used to be.
A
communication through technology, travel is easier, people migrate more and cause clash because people don’t like newcomers
9
Q
Clash of Civilizations: Explain globalization.
A
politics, spread of democracy, spread of capitalism; spread of western culture, people feel like they’re losing their unique culture to westernization so they cling to whatever they have left (often religion), this leads to an increase in religious extremism and terrorism
10
Q
Clash of Civilizations: Explain how there’s very little compromise between cultural differences.
A
religious differences are very hard to compromise on
11
Q
Clash of Civilizations: Explain how the west is at the peak of its power.
A
anyone will want to take their power; a lot of other civilizations will target western civilizations; West vs. the Rest mentality
12
Q
West vs. the Rest: What are the 3 choices of the Rest?
A
1- Isolation (cut themselves off from the world; North Korea)
2- Bandwagon (with the West)
3- Balance (against West; Russia)
13
Q
What does it mean if a terrorist group is rational?
A
They are willing to negotiate.
14
Q
What does it mean if a terrorist group has a formal structure?
A
They have a leader and/or levels of authority.
15
Q
Why can’t states be terrorists?
A
They have to answer to the Geneva Convention and other institutions.
16
Q
Where did the Red Brigade originate? During what years were they active?
A
Italy
1970 - 1988
17
Q
What was the Red Brigade’s purpose or goal?
A
wanted Italy to join the Soviet Union and become a communist state
18
Q
Is the Red Brigade a state or non-state actor?
A
non-state
19
Q
Does the Red Brigade have religious goals?
A
no
20
Q
Is the Red Brigade rational?
A
yes; they expressed interest in negotiating
21
Q
Did the Red Brigade have political goals?
A
yes
22
Q
Was the Red Brigade violent?
A
yes; kidnapping and assassinations
23
Q
Did the Red Brigade have international goals?
A
no; focused on Italy
24
Q
Did the Red Brigade receive support from other terrorist groups?
A
yes; PLO
25
Did the Red Brigade receive support from other states?
yes; Soviet Union
26
Did the Red Brigade have a formal structure?
yes; militaristic
27
What does IRA stand for?
Irish Republican Army
28
Where did the IRA originate? What years were they active?
Ireland; 1919 - 1922
29
What was the fate of the Red Brigade?
dissolution after decline in communism and fall of USSR
30
What was the fate of the Provisional IRA (Provos)?
It became a functional political party.
31
Is the Provisional IRA (Provos) a state or non-state actor?
non-state, initially
became a state actor
BOTH
32
Did the Provisional IRA (Provos) have religious goals?
no; Catholics and Protestants were involved but they weren't the focus
33
Was the Provisional IRA (Provos) rational?
yes; treaty in 1998 for ceasefire and relinquishing of weapons in 2005
34
Did the Provisional IRA (Provos) have political goals?
yes; independence for Ireland
35
What was the Provisional IRA's main goal or purpose?
They wanted the Irish Republic to be independent from Britain.
36
What years was the Provisional IRA or Provos active?
1969 - 2005
37
Was the Provisional IRA violent?
yes; bombings, kidnappings, assassinations
38
What did the Provisional IRA invent?
car bomb
39
Did the Provisional IRA have international goals?
no; focused on Ireland
40
Did the Provisional IRA receive support from other terrorist groups?
yes; PLO
41
Did the Provisional IRA receive support from other states?
yes; Libya & US-Irish community
42
Did the Provisional IRA have a formal structure?
yes; para-military
43
From what conflict did Hamas originate?
Israeli Jews vs. Arab Palestinian Muslims, religious claims on Israel
44
What years was Hamas active?
1987 - present
45
Why was Hamas formed?
The PLO became a political party and were viewed as "going soft."
46
Why do the Palestinian people like Hamas?
They provide money for services (roads, public parks, orphanages) like a government.
47
How does Hamas rationalize civilian casualties in Israel?
All Israeli citizens are required to join the army at age 18 and serve in the military for 2-3 years. They remain members of the military until age 45.
According to Hamas, every Israeli is a current, future, or past soldier.
48
Is Hamas a state or non-state actor?
BOTH
| ran as a political party
49
Does Hamas have religious goals?
no, despite the underlying religious issue
50
What is Hamas's main goal or purpose?
Hamas wants an independent Palestinian state, including Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Israel.
51
Hamas is an ____ ____ movement.
Islamist Resistance
52
Is Hamas rational?
no/unknown
53
Does Hamas have political goals?
yes; they want to establish a government
54
Is Hamas violent?
yes; suicide bomb
55
Does Hamas have international goals?
no; focused on Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Israel
56
Does Hamas receive support from other terrorist groups?
yes, likely
57
Does Hamas receive support from other states?
yes; Saudi Arabia & other Arab states
58
Does Hamas have a formal structure?
yes; political party
59
When did Al-Qaeda become known?
1994 or 1995
60
What is Al-Qaeda influenced by?
Sunni Islam, specifically "wahabism"
61
Who founded Al-Qaeda? What nationality is the founder?
Osama bin Laden; Saudi Arabian
62
infidels
non-believers, non-Muslims
63
caliphate
religious government
64
mujahedin
Islamic fighter
65
What are the four goals of Al-Qaeda?
1- elimination of foreign influence in Muslim countries
2- eradication of infidels (especially those on Muslim land)
3- destruction of Israelis
4- establish caliphate; one government over the Muslim world
66
Why did bin Laden originally train mujahedin?
to fight in Afghanistan against the invading Soviets; war 1979 - 1989
67
Why was bin Laden's Saudi Arabian citizenship revoked?
He denounced the government for allowing infidels on their soil. Saudi Arabia sought help from the US against Saddam Hussein, rather than using bin Laden's mujahedin.
68
Where did bin Laden go after his native citizenship was revoked? Why?
Sudan; extreme Islamist government, only place that would take him
69
When and where was bin Laden found?
May 2011, Pakistan
70
Is Al-Qaeda a state or non-state actor?
non-state
71
Does Al-Qaeda have religious goals?
yes; wants a central Muslim government, wants to eradicate infidels
72
Is Al-Qaeda rational?
no
73
Does Al-Qaeda have political goals?
yes; Muslim government
74
Is Al-Qaeda violent?
yes; bombings and assassinations
75
Does Al-Qaeda have international goals?
yes; one government over entire Muslim world
76
Does Al-Qaeda receive support from other terrorist groups?
yes, likely
77
Does Al-Qaeda receive support from other states?
yes; Pakistan, maybe Sudan & Saudi Arabia
78
Does Al-Qaeda have a formal structure?
no, not anymore; decentralized
79
What is Al-Qaeda since bin Laden's death?
Ideology.
It's no longer one central organization. Instead, it's a bunch of separate cells around the world. People who agree with bin Laden's ideas get together on their own and perpetuate attacks.
80
Who published Blowback Theory?
Charles Johnson
81
What does Blowback Theory suggest?
Terrorist attacks in the modern age are due to the unintended consequences (blowback) of previous foreign policy interventions in countries around the world.
82
Blowback Theory: What policy is usually responsible for blowback? Give an example.
Intervention. "The enemy of my enemy is my friend."
ex.: In the 1980s, the CIA helped train bin Laden's mujahedin in Afghanistan, because they were battling the Soviets and communism. This led to 9/11.
83
West vs. the Rest: Which of the three options will "The Rest" states usually choose?
Bandwagon and Balance
84
Who published Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare?
Donald Snow
85
What does Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare list?
reasons states will lose the battle against terrorism/ characteristics of asymmetric warriors
86
What 5 characteristics of asymmetric warriors does Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare list?
1- no distinction between military and civilian targets
2- they are non-state actors
3- they are patient
4- these conflicts often occur in failed states
5- asymmetric warfare is adaptable
87
Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Why are terrorists or asymmetric warriors so hard to defeat?
they fight so differently compared to state militaries
88
Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why "no distinction between military and civilian targets" is a reason.
Terrorists can kill civilians and blame it on the state, increasing resistance. Terrorists don't follow rules and are everywhere.
89
Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why "they are non-state actors" is a reason.
The US has to ask permission to go into a state and fight a terrorist group because of sovereignty. The state could say no.
90
Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why "they are patient" is a reason.
Terrorists can wait until the US or other major state leaves the country. They know they'll leave, because war is expensive and the public only has so much patience.
91
Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why "these conflicts often occur in failed states" is a reason.
Failed states are a breeding ground for terrorism, because desperate people do desperate things. To fight and end terrorism, we need to help failed states, but that costs money and time. As long as there are failed states, there will be terrorism.
92
Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Warfare: Explain why "asymmetric warfare is adaptable" is a reason.
Asymmetric warriors can change their fighting style instantly. Symmetric militaries are large and have specialized skills.
93
Does Snow believe we will ever win the fight against terrorism? How does he think we could do it?
No; eradicate poverty
94
What is the current world population?
7.2 billion
95
The world population has more than doubled since ____.
1960
96
What 5 reasons might population growth rates vary from region to region?
1- religion (Catholics don't believe in birth control)
2- access to contraception
3- government (China)
4- value of a child (expensive; could be used as a worker)
5- education (specifically of women)
97
The more education a woman has, the ___ children she will have.
fewer
98
Total Fertility Rate
Average number of children born per female member of the population during her lifetime
99
Replacement Fertility Rate
The total fertility rate that keeps a population stable
100
What is the current Replacement Fertility Rate?
2.1 kids per woman
101
Who published Demographic Transition Theory? When?
Dudley Kirk; late 1970s
102
What did the Demographic Transition Theory look at?
UK & US history and progression
| population
103
Demographic Transition Theory: Prior to the Industrial Revolution, in the ____ Stage, the population was stable because...
Pre-Industrial; there were high death rates and high birth rates.
104
Demographic Transition Theory: Why were birth and death rates high in the Pre-Industrial Stage?
many kids die, so people had a lot of kids to compensate
105
Demographic Transition Theory: From 1800-1870, during the ____ Stage, there was a ___ birth rate and a ___ death rate.
Transitional; high; low
106
Demographic Transition Theory: Why did the birth rate remain high while the death rate lowered during the Transitional Stage?
Tradition & better health, clean water, food, safer life
107
Demographic Transition Theory: From 1870 - 1970, during the ____ Stage, the ___ rate declined.
Industrial; birth
108
Demographic Transition Theory: Why did the birth rate decline during the Industrial Stage?
Women were educated, contraception introduced, families are expensive
109
Demographic Transition Theory: From 1970 - present, during the ___ Stage, birth and death rates are ____. The population is ____.
Post-Industrial; low; stable
110
Kirk believes that most developed states have reached the Post-Industrial Stage, and by _____ every state will reach this stage.
2050
111
The ___ educated a woman is, the ___ kids she will have.
more; fewer
112
List the 4 stages of Kirk's Demographic Transition Theory in order.
Pre-Industrial, Transitional, Industrial, Post-Industrial
113
Which state is the most effective at population control?
China
114
What does China use to control the population?
"The Family Planning Policy" which restricts the number of kids a couple can have to one (there are some exceptions that allow 2)
115
Under what 3 conditions can a Chinese couple have 2 children?
1- If you live in a rural area (like a farmer)
2- If you're an ethnic minority (9% of population qualifies for this)
3- If one parent is an only child
116
What is the Chinese policy on multiple births (twins, triplets, etc)?
If it was natural (not in-vitro), it is acceptable.
117
Why did China implement the Family Planning Policy? When?
conserve natural resources, 'For the health of our entire state and our future'; 1978
118
How is the Family Planning Policy enforced in China?
The government provides a couple's first child with healthcare, education, etc. Unauthorized children are not provided for by the government, and parents must pay a fine.
119
How is the unauthorized child fine determined in China?
5 times the average income of your area
120
What has happened with wealthy families in China, regarding children?
They pay the fine, because they can afford it, and have more than one child.
121
What are the benefits of the Family Planning Policy?
- Improved healthcare for women
- lower infant mortality rate
- increased savings rate
- helped Chinese economy
122
Why has healthcare for women improved in China?
There is a focus on pregnant women and their children. There is a lower infant mortality rate.
123
Why has there been an increased savings rate in China?
the Family Planning Policy has helped the Chinese economy because people have more money to spend and save
124
What are the detractions/drawbacks to the Family Planning Policy?
- forced abortions
| - gender imbalance
125
Why is there a gender imbalance in China?
many abortions of female fetuses, high female infanticide, girls given up for adoption
126
Why are boys valued more in China?
they take care of elderly parents, girls take care of their husband's parents
127
How has China's population growth rate changed since the implementation of the Family Planning Policy?
2% before policy, 0.4% now
128
What 3 solutions is China considering to alleviate the gender imbalance?
1- change the policy to allow 2 kids for everyone, encourage people to keep girls
2- monthly stipend from government for families who keep girls
3- change in university acceptance to allow more girls
129
How does India attempt population control?
- state-run healthcare and free birth control
| - use of propaganda to encourage smaller families and keeping girls (they have a female infanticide problem)
130
How does Kenya attempt to control population? Why does it need to control population according to propaganda?
use of propaganda to encourage smaller families; there won't be enough jobs in the future
131
Who published "Tragedy of the Commons?" When?
Garrett Hardin, a biologist; 1968
132
What inspired Tragedy of the Commons?
Darwinian Survival of the Fittest
133
What does Tragedy of the Commons say causes environmental degradation?
behavior that makes sense from an individual perspective, when repeated by many individuals, is detrimental to the common good of all
134
Give an example of trans-boundary pollution.
a country dumps trash in a river and another country downstream gets the polluted water
135
Why was Tragedy of the Commons written?
to explain environmental degradation
136
What is one cause of Tragedy of the Commons?
overpopulation
137
What does Hardin think will help Tragedy of the Commons?
population control
138
According to Hardin, what is the problem with the world?
We live in a welfare society. The government aids kids that they think need help. People are kept alive artificially or through aid.
139
What does Hardin think should done for people/kids who need help surviving?
Nothing. They should be allowed to die off to control/limit the population.
140
Hardin published the "Living on a Lifeboat" analogy in 1974. A lifeboat comfortably holds 50 people. 10 more could possibly fit. A ship sinks, there are 50 people in the lifeboat and 100 in the water. What 3 options do you have, being in the lifeboat? Which option would Hardin pick?
1- Put everyone in the lifeboat. The boat sinks. Everyone dies.
2- Try to fit 10 more people in the lifeboat. Who would you pick? The boat may still sink.
3- Take no more than 50 people. Everyone in the lifeboat lives.
Hardin would choose option 3.
141
What would Hardin say to people who feel guilty for being in the lifeboat in the "Living on a Lifeboat" analogy?
Get out and yield your place to others.
142
What is Hardin's preferred solution to Tragedy of the Commons? What is his practical solution, knowing the preferred is unpopular?
Control or limit the population; mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon policies, laws, and regulations that limit people's behavior
143
Who published "Environmental Change and Conflict?"
Thomas Homer-Dixon
144
What debate is associated with Environmental Change and Conflict?
Neo-Malthusian vs. Cornucopian
145
Environmental Change and Conflict: Neo-Malthusian
Modern believer in the ideas of Malthus, there will be massive starvation because there are too many people and not enough resources
146
Environmental Change and Conflict: Cornucopian
Believe we will run out of resources but we will find technological substitutions
147
Environmental Change and Conflict: What does Homer-Dixon believe about the NvC debate?
In the past, Cornucopians have been right. In the future, Neo-Malthusians will be right.
148
Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? In the past we've only faced single scarcities at a time. In the future, we'll see...
many scarcities at once, largely due to global climate change.
149
Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? In the past, when something goes scarce it's ___. We see it coming and we can ____. In the future, scarcities will come ____.
gradual; prepare; suddenly
150
Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? We use ___ resources today than in the past. Our consumption of resources is ____.
more; massive
151
Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? We do not price resources like we should. They are priced too ____, so people buy and use ___. We should ___ prices on natural resources. Then, people will want to pay for ____.
low; more; raise; alternatives
152
Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? Many of the shortages will be in the ___ world. These countries can't...
developing; pay to find technological alternatives.
153
Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? Cornucopians have faith in ____ and their abilities to ____ these problems. Environmental problems are so ____, humans can't understand. It's like the ____ Effect.
human; solve; complex; Butterfly
154
Environmental Change and Conflict: Why will Neo-Malthusians be right in the future? Once we start to face shortages, states would need to ____ together and ____. Instead, there will be ____ which will make the problem worse. It will be a ___ eat ____ world.
work; cooperate; war; dog; dog
155
What are the 2 types of water scarcity?
Physical and Economic
156
Physical Water Scarcity
there are actually no water resources
157
Economic Water Scarcity
the water may be there, but there isn't infrastructure (pipes, etc) to get it where it needs to go
158
According to WHO, about how many people are living without clean drinking water?
1.1 billion
159
According to WHO, about how many people are living without adequate sanitation?
2.6 billion
160
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is one type of ___ ___.
mutual coercion
161
What are the four parts of IWRM?
social equity, policy decentralization, economic management, environmental sustainability
162
IWRM: social equity
everyone (rich or poor) should have access to clean water
163
IWRM: policy decentralization
let locations (state, town, city) set their own water policy because they know what they need most
164
IWRM: economic management
bringing the greatest benefit to the greatest number of users possible with the available financial and water resources
165
IWRM: environmental sustainability
requiring that aquatic ecosystems are acknowledged as users and that adequate allocation is made to sustain their natural functioning
166
What does IWRM stand for?
Integrated Water Resources Management
167
Which two IWRM principles contradict each other?
social equity and economic management
168
Is a state required to implement all four IWRM policies?
No, they can choose what works for their state
169
Name a state that has tried to implement IWRM.
India, home of the Ganges River
170
IWRM does not cover ____ water.
trans-boundary
171
What are the three sources of pollution in the Ganges River in India?
1- Sewage (115 towns along the river don't treat it)
2- Chemicals from the tanning (leather) industry
3- Varanasi (partially cremated corpses)
172
Why is India allowed to use the Farakka Barrage, which keeps water from Bangladesh?
sovereignty
173
Why isn't water cleaned in Varanasi?
The system is electrical, but the electricity is only on for a few hours per day.
174
Why didn't IWRM work in India?
The weren't specific enough about decentralization, so Varanasi couldn't get permission from the state to implement it locally.
175
Where is the US water shortage?
Colorado River, western US
176
Who published Five Wars of Globalization?
Moises Naim
177
What are the 5 wars of globalization?
Drug trade, weapons/arms trafficking, intellectual property, human trafficking, money laundering
178
Five Wars of Globalization: Drug trade is worth about $___ a year, and the US spends $___ a year fighting it.
400 billion; 40 billion
179
Five Wars of Globalization: Where does drug trade originate? Where does it end?
developing world
180
Five Wars of Globalization: What is one way drug demand is fought in the Netherlands?
rehab
181
Five Wars of Globalization: How much is spent on rehab and free facilities to fight drug trade?
$260 million
182
Five Wars of Globalization: Illegal weapons are worth $___ a year.
60 billion
183
Five Wars of Globalization: Weapons are very costly in terms of ___.
death
184
Five Wars of Globalization: ___ supply and ___ demand worsens illegal arms trafficking.
Low; high
185
Five Wars of Globalization: Illegal weapons cause ___ deaths per day.
1000
186
Five Wars of Globalization: Illegal weapons are often paid for with ___ ___ like ___ ___.
natural resources; conflict diamonds
187
Five Wars of Globalization: Intellectual property includes...
copyright and patents
188
Five Wars of Globalization: ____ is involved with intellectual property.
Everyone
189
Five Wars of Globalization: Intellectual Property is worth $___ per year.
650 billion
190
Five Wars of Globalization: Which trade is growing the fastest?
human trafficking
191
Five Wars of Globalization: What is the human trafficking trade worth per year?
$32 billion
192
Five Wars of Globalization: What are the 2 methods of human trafficking?
1- smuggle a person across a state border
| 2- woman/child kidnapped and sold into slavery
193
Five Wars of Globalization: How much does it cost to smuggle a person into the US from China?
$35000
194
Five Wars of Globalization: How much does a woman involved in human trafficking cost in eastern Europe?
$50 - $200
195
Five Wars of Globalization: What is money laundering?
take money earned illegally and clean it
196
Five Wars of Globalization: Which war combines all other trades?
money laundering
197
Five Wars of Globalization: How is money cleaned for money laundering?
mafia or areas with relaxed banking laws
198
Five Wars of Globalization: How much is money laundering worth annually?
$1 trillion
199
What are the 4 reasons, according to Naim, the Five Wars of Globalization can't be won by the state?
1- wars not bound by geography
2- these problems defy sovereignty
3- governments are pitted against economic sources
4- bureaucracies are pit against networks
200
Elaborate on the issues with sovereignty when battling the Five Wars of Globalization.
These problems defy traditional ideals of sovereignty. Criminals don't follow the laws of the state, but police and military have to.
201
Elaborate on the issues with economic forces when battling the Five Wars of Globalization.
Economic forces will always win. Inelastic vs. Elastic Demand
202
Inelastic vs. Elastic Demand
elastic- as price for the product changes, demand changes (higher price, lower demand)
inelastic- price does not affect demand (drugs)
203
Elaborate on the issues with bureaucracies when battling the Five Wars of Globalization.
adaptability
| governments are slow and traffickers adapt
204
According to Naim, what are 4 things states can do to help their chances.
1- Government should be more flexible about sovereignty.
2- Strengthen international institutions.
3- Write new laws addressing the new millennium of crime.
4- Move from repression to regulation.
205
How can states be more flexible about ideas of sovereignty?
get over it and trust each other
206
Elaborate on the need to strength international institutions according to Naim. Which international institution does he highlight?
they need to be able to fight more effectively; Interpol
207
What is Interpol short for?
International Police
208
What are three issues with Interpol?
- terribly funded ($30 million/year)
- 385 staff globally (only 112 are actual law enforcement officers)
- states are reluctant to trust Interpol, because they don't want their information shared
209
How can states move from repression to regulation according to Naim?
makes some these trades legal so they can control it and make money
210
Who outlined the strategies of TANs and discussed norms?
Margaret Keck and Katherine Sikkink
211
What are TANs?
Traditional Advocacy Networks; a network of NGOs bound together by shared values and a dense exchange of information
212
How many issues do TANs or NGOs normally operate around?
one
213
TANs can affect ____ and ___ ___.
corporations; state behavior
214
What 4 strategies do TANs use?
1- Information politics
2- Symbolic politics
3- Naming and Shaming
4- Accountability politics
215
TANs: information politics
providing information to members of the public that it may not otherwise have access to (ex. testimonies)
216
TANs: symbolic politics
a TAN or NGO will take one isolated event and turn it into a symbol for a larger problem; commonly used for environmental NGOs (ex. Chico Medes, rubber tapping in the Amazon rainforest; polar bears, global warming)
217
TANs: naming and shaming
naming a company/country whose behavior they dislike and shaming them (ex. P&G, rainforests, Greenpeace)
218
TANs: accountability politics
TANs/NGOs try to hold states accountable for what they have done; naming and shaming a state for not keeping their promises (ex. US holding people in Guantanamo Bay without trial)
219
NGOs and TANs are trying to spread ____.
norms
220
norms
expected standards of behavior (written and unwritten)
221
Norms are not ____. They are constantly ____. People must be ____.
static; changing; openminded
222
What are the 3 stages in the Life Cycle of a Norm?
1- Norm Emergence
2- Tipping Point
3- Internalization
223
Life Cycle of a Norm: Norm Emergence
norm is pushed by "norm entrepreneurs" like peers, parents, and Hollywood
224
Life Cycle of a Norm: Tipping Point
1/3 of states in a system accept norm; the norm then "cascades" throughout the globe
225
Life Cycle of a Norm: Internalization
the norm becomes a matter of routine; it becomes internalized within laws
226
Give an example of norms currently going through the Life Cycle.
- gay marriage in the US
- getting rid of land mines throughout the world, particularly Cambodia (Princess Diana and NGOs were "entrepreneurs") The Ottowa Treaty was signed in 1997 to lessen land mines, aimed at Cambodia
227
Human rights are ___.
norms
228
What are human rights?
a standard by which a state should treat its own citizens
229
What is the UDHR?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), a list of 30 rights all people have
230
Who wrote the UDHR? What is the significance of that?
General Assembly in the UN; it's non-binding
231
What 7 topics are the rights in the UDHR listed under?
- Security Rights
- Liberty
- Political
- Due Process
- Equality
- Group
- Economic & Welfare
232
UDHR: Security Rights
the government is not allowed to murder, massacre, torture, or rape its citizens
233
UDHR: Liberty Rights
freedom of speech, religion, association (what groups you join), movement (throughout state)
234
UDHR: Political Rights
freedom to vote, have representation, peacefully protest
235
UDHR: Due Process Rights
fair, speedy trial, free from excessive punishment
236
UDHR: Equality Rights
everyone is equal under the law
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UDHR: Group Rights
protection of the group, government can't target a specific group for elimination
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UDHR: Economic & Welfare Rights
protection from severe poverty and starvation, right to have a job, social security (retirement pension from government), healthcare, education (free primary, available secondary and higher)
239
What 3 groups protested the UDHR?
Islamic World, Asian States, Developing World
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Which topics of the UDHR did the Islamic World protest?
equality (gender)
| liberty (religion)
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Which topics of the UDHR did the Asian States protest?
political (protest)
equality
liberty (movement, etc)
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Which topics of the UDHR did the Developing World protest?
economic and welfare
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Why did the Developing World protest economic and welfare rights in the UDHR?
the states can't afford them
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Why did Asian States protest parts of the UDHR?
Confucianism
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Confucianism is a ____ ____ that outlines a ___ ___.
social system; social hierarchy
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What 5 relationships did Confucius list?
1. Ruler to subject
2. Father to son
3. Husband to wife
4. Elder brother to younger brother
5. Friend to friend
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What is the nature of the relationships Confucius listed?
person 1 is in charge of and cares for person 2, person 2 respects person 1 in return
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How did the UN handle the protests to the UDHR?
they split the UDHR into 2 covenants
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What are the 2 covenants of the UDHR?
- Civil and Political Rights
| - Economic and Social Rights
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What is the main criticism of the UDHR?
It's a Western influenced/created document.
| The West is coming into their country and telling them how to behave.
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Who published "The Attack on Human Rights"?
Michael Ignatieff
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What is Ignatieff's opinion on the UDHR?
He supports it, saying it's a universal document, not a Western one.
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Why does Ignatieff support the UDHR (2)?
1- The UDHR never mentions religion. It is a secular document.
2- If you consider John Rawls "Veil of Ignorance", the UDHR covers everything mentioned there.
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What is Rawls Veil of Ignorance?
Intellectual exercise used to judge the morality of an issue.
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What does Rawls Veil of Ignorance ask?
If you are in the Veil of Ignorance, how would you like Earth to be when you return?
256
People attack human rights and say they are too _____.
Western
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Why was religion left out of the UDHR?
They wanted to include everyone and avoid isolating anyone.
