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Anthropology > Test 3 Death, Trauma and the Skeleton > Flashcards

Test 3 Death, Trauma and the Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Trauma def

A
  • Pathological category defined as an injury caused to living tissues by an outside force
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2
Q

Outside forces

A
  • Blunt objects, projectiles, cutting instruments, chopping tools
  • Hard surfaces (ground, car/trains, aircraft accident)
  • Chemicals
  • Fire and frost
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3
Q

Trauma and Law (2)

A
  1. Cause and Manner of Death
  2. Characteristics of the attacker
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4
Q

Cause and Manner of Death (5)

A
  1. Trauma that occurred at time of death (perimortem)
  2. Outside force that caused the death
  3. Number of wounds
  4. Multiple traumas- mostly= rage/domestic death
  5. Placement of the traumas
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5
Q

Characteristics of the attacker (3)

A
  1. Height- Location and angle of the trauma
  2. Sex- Stats= diff way to kill->
    - Men= more violent, messy, face-to-face (Blunt trauma w metal pipe or strangulation)
    - Women= More indirect (ex. Poisonning)
  3. Handedness: Location of trauma/wounds
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6
Q

Bone Traumas (2)

A
  1. Fracture- When the discontinuity travels completely through the bone
  2. Infraction- When the discontinuity is incomplete
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7
Q

Types of bone breakage (4)

A
  1. Complete fracture- When once continuous surfaces no longer meet
  2. Hinge fracture- Part of the fracture is still attached to its original bone but not the other segment
  3. Comminuted fracture- Breaks that result in multiple fragments of bones. Common in violent deaths/homicides (crushing w a club), suicide (high fall, moving vehicle), and accidents (car crash).
  4. Fracture lines: - Radiating lines
    - Concentric lines
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8
Q

Fracture lines- Radiating lines

A

Disperse outward from the area of impact
- Most common fracture lines

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9
Q

Fracture lines- Concentric lines

A

Appear around the point of impact
- Common in high-velocity projectiles

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10
Q

Breakage caused by non-violent factors (3)

A
  1. Pathological fractures - Osteporosis
  2. Stress fractures - Repeated movement (common in athletes)
  3. Fatigue fractures - Old age, due to the loss of cartilage
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11
Q

Body responses to fracture (4 steps)

A

ANTIMORTEM bc bone heals
1. Hematoma- Pool of blood around injury that stabilizes it (bruises)
2. Osteogenesis- Production of FLEXIBLE bone fiber
3. Callus- Flexible bone fiber turn into a bump
- 2 weeks = soft
- 4 weeks = hard
4. Bone fibers becomes true bone - After 4 weeks

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12
Q

Characteristics of Force causing trauma (3)

A
  1. Direction:
    • Tension
    • Compression
    • Torsion
    • Bending
    • Shearing
  2. Speed of force
    • Dynamic force
    • Static force
  3. Focus of force
    • Narrow focus
    • Wide focus
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13
Q

Direction- Tension

A

Pulls on bones usu. on its long axis.
If tension is strong enough, will cause the bone to break

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14
Q

Direction- Compression

A

Pushes down on bones.
Produces fractures and fracture lines

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15
Q

Direction- Torsion

A

One part of the bone remains immobile while another segment twists.
Not very common in homicide- ex. ski/bicycle accident

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16
Q

Direction- Bending

A

Impacts the side at about right angles causing a break horizontally- Like breaking a branch.
Most commonly causing fractures
-> Parry Fracture: When someone holds their forearm up to protect themself. Blow is entirely absorbed by the ulna, causing it to bend and break= Defensive wound.

17
Q

Direction- Shearing

A

Similar to bend, but only one side of the bone bends and the other segment remains immobile
-> Colle’s fracture: When one falls and attempt to protect themselves with their forearms. Side of the body exerts a pressure to the side of the radius.

18
Q

Speed of force- Dynamic force

A

Sudden stress delivered powerfully and at a high speed.
Most common force seen in violent death

19
Q

Speed of force- Static force

A

Stress applied slowly then builds up to the point where the bone breaks.
Ex.: the breaking of the hyoid bone in the throat by strangulation (most common static force)

20
Q

Focus of force- Narrow

A

Force is applied to a single point or a thin line
-> Pointed/sharp-edged instruments. Ex.: ice picks, knives, machetes, swords…

21
Q

Focus of force- Wide

A

Force is delivered over a large area of the bone.
-> Any other instruments other than cutting/chopping ones

22
Q

Type of Trauma (4)

A
  1. Blunt trauma
  2. Sharp trauma
  3. Projectile trauma
  4. Miscellaneous trauma
23
Q

Blunt trauma

A

Caused by a force that has a wide area of impact on bones.
Generally caused by: bending, shearing
dynamical and wide focus
Causes: hinge or complete fracture, and often comminuted fractures with fracture lines (both)

24
Q

Sharp trauma

A
  • Compression or shearing
  • Axe= comminuted fractures with radiating lines
  • Focus= narrow (knives) or wide (axe)
  • Speed= dynamic
25
Q

Projectile trauma

A
  • Compression and bending
  • Speed= dynamic
  • Focus= narrow at point of entry, but wide upon exiting
  • Comminuted fractures with fracture lines (both)
26
Q

Miscellaneous trauma

A

Trauma that do not fit into other categories
- Static pressure: strangulation
- Generalized dynamic pressure: explosions
- Traumas caused by chemicals and heat
Varies…

27
Q

Timing of bone injury (3)

A
  1. Antemortem trauma
  2. Perimortem trauma
  3. Postmortem trauma
28
Q

Antemortem trauma

A

Clearest evidence= callus bump
How to recognize a Callus: - Irregular shape
- Disorganized surface
- Raised above surrounding area

29
Q

Perimortem trauma

A

Injuries that occurs around the time of death
3 main distinctive characteristics:
1. Breakage displays sharp and irregular edges
2. Formation of fracture lines (only on moist bones)- radiating or concentric
3. Shape of broken ends- do not fracture at right angle, nor have flat broken surfaces. -> Dry bones do= diff btw peri/post

30
Q

Postmortem

A

Fracture to dry bones : 3 main distinctive characteristics:
1. No fracture lines
2. Bones break at right angles w almost flat surfaces
3. The color of the bone is diff. Broken surface will be normally lighter in color than other bone surfaces

Anthropology (11 decks)

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