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Medieval Civilizations > Test 3: Charlemagne & the Germanic Kingdoms > Flashcards

Test 3: Charlemagne & the Germanic Kingdoms Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Germanic conception of the state?

A
  • There was no concept of state
  • Power and governance were tied to the king and those who served him closely
  • Warriors could overthrow the king if they wanted to
  • Allegiance came from free warriors if they believed the ruler was a good leader
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2
Q

What was the purpose of Laws in the Germanic Kingdom?

A
  • Law emanated from the people
  • Was used to regulate violence
  • Innocence was to be decided in a Trial by Ordeal
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3
Q

What is the Wehrgeld?

A
  • Translates to “Military Pay”
  • The amount of compensation paid by the person committing the offense to the injured party or their family
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3
Q

Who was Catholic majority in North Africa persecuted by?

A

The Arians

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4
Q

What is a Trial By Ordeal?

A
  • The accused is subjected to a series of dangerous and painful tests in order to determine their innocence
  • Basically torture
  • “Let’s see if they’ll crack” type of thing
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5
Q

Who defeated the Arians in North Africa?

A
  • The Byzantines
  • Belisarius
  • Sent by Justinian
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6
Q

Where did the Visigoths settle in 418 AD?

A

Aquitania

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7
Q

Who is the King of the Burgundians?

A

Gundobad

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8
Q

Who succeeds Euric?

A

Alaric II, king of Visigoths

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8
Q

Who kills Alaric II?

A

Clovis, King of Franks
- Battle of Vouille

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9
Q

Who is Euric?

A
  • ## Son of Theodoric I
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10
Q

Where is the Visigothic Kingdom located, and where is it ruled from?

A
  • Located in Spain
  • Ruled from Narbonne in Gaul
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11
Q

Who is Theodoric?

A

Ostrogothic King of Italy

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12
Q

Who rules the Ostrogoths in Gaul?

A

Amalaric

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12
Q

Who is Theudis?

A

Theodoric’s regent

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13
Q

Who banned Arianism in 587?

A
  • Reccared, son of Leovigild
  • Converted to Catholicism and banned Arianism
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14
Q

Who is Leovigild?

A
  • First powerful king of Spain
  • Reunites Spain in a time when it was fragmented (production of good + trade had ceased)
  • Tried to maintain a co-existence with Christians and Arians but failed
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14
Q

Which provinces does Leovigild conquer?

A
  • Galicia
  • Castile-Leon
  • Cantabria
  • Navarre
  • Cordoba
  • Merida
    -Seville (along wit Suevic Kingdoms)
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15
Q

Who founded a new capital in Toledo?

A

Leovigild

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16
Q

What aspects flourished in the 7th-8th century?

A
  • Culture
    -Religious intolerance
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16
Q

Who was the last Visigothic King?

A

Roderic

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17
Q

What did Sisebut write?

A
  • Poems
  • Letters
  • A saint’s life
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18
Q

What did Isidore write?

A
  • Etymologiae (the encyclopedia of the Middle Ages)
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19
Q

What framework did Isidore and Sisebut create?

A

-They framed laws that suggested Jews be persecuted, suggesting that children be taken from their parents

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20
Q

How is Odovacer killed?

A
  • Besieged in Ravenna by Theodoric I
  • Cut in half by Theodoric I
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20
Q

What is Theodoric’s reign like?

A
  • Keeps Italian nobles in the political administration
  • Maintains Roman structure and law
  • Pursues ideal of Civilitas
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21
Q

How does Theodoric cultivate religious tolerance?

A
  • Jews, Catholics, and Arian Goths live in harmony
  • Cultivates culture and literature
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21
Q

Who is Theodoric’s chief official?

A
  • Cassiodorus, a Roman noble who is well educated
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22
Q

What does Cassiodorus write about?

A
  • Wrote Letters
  • Wrote a History of the Goths (rehabilitated the image of Goths)
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23
Q

Who is Boethius?

A
  • Another top official for Theodoric
  • Tried to translate all of Plato and Aristotle’s works
  • Wrote the Consultation of Philosophy
  • Executed when suspected of treason against Theodoric
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23
Q

What is Boethius’ Consultation of Philosophy about?

A

The wheel of fortune can destroy all earthly success, but cannot remove virtue

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24
Q

What is the Edict of Rothari?

A
  • A Lombard Law code
  • Praises royal power
  • Gives Lombards history
  • Creates Lombard identity
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24
Q

What is the result of the Edict of Rothari?

A
  • Dukes and Gestalds are now loyal to the King
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25
Q

What did Rothari do?

A
  • Unites the Lombards
  • Founds a capital at Pavia.
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26
Q

What did Pope Stephen ask Pepin III in regards to the Lombard invasions?

A

Pope Stephen II asked Pepin III to intervene in exchange for papal support of Carolingians as Kings

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26
Q

What did Pope Stephen II do for Pepin III?

A
  • Anoints Pepin III as king in St. Denis
    -Grants donations to Pepin, giving the pope power over Rome
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27
Q

What was Pepin III assigned to do, which he succeeded?

A
  • Pepin chased out the Lombards from areas outside of Rome
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28
Q

Who is Desidarius?

A
  • Lombard King
  • Retook Rome
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28
Q

Who does Pope Hadrian I ask for help to get rid of Desidarius?

A

Charlamagne

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28
Q

Who is Clovis?

A
  • King of Franks
  • Published Salic Law
  • Defeated Syagrius (last Roman official in Gaul) at Soissons
  • His capital was in Paris
29
Q

Where did Clovis defeat the Thuringians?

A

East of the Rhine

29
Q

Where did Clovis defeat the Alammani?

A

Battle of Tolbiac

30
Q

Where did Clovis defeat the Visigoths?

A

Toulouse
- Battle of Vouille

31
Q

What is Salic Law?

A
  • Founded by Clovis
  • A set of rules that govern Blood Feuds
  • Frankish civil law code
32
Q

What does Gregory of Tours write?

A
  • Historia Francorum
  • Covers the history from creation to the Christianization of Gaul by Martin of Tours, and ends with the death of Sigibert
  • Tells the story of Clovis’ successors
32
Q

Who are the successors of Clovis?

A
  • Theuderic
  • Chlodomer
  • Childebert
  • Chlothar
33
Q

What was the issue between the 4 successors of Clovis?

A
  • Constant violence
  • Chlothar and Childebert murdered the sons of Chlodomer
33
Q

Who is Childebert’s mother?

A

Brunhild
- She temporarily rules in place of her grandchildren

33
Q

Who is the last effective and powerful Merovingian king?

A

Dagobert, son of Chlothar II

34
Q

How is Brunhild killed?

A

Chlothar II has her torn apart by horses

35
Q

Who is the Maior Domus of Austrasia?

A

Pepin II
- The most dominant force in France

36
Q

Who is the son of Pepin II and what did he do?

A
  • Charles Martel
  • Reunites all of Gaul
36
Q

Who was Wilibrod and what did he do?

A
  • A Benedictine Monk
  • Worked to convert the Frisians under Pepin II
37
Q

What did Boniface and Martel work towards with the Frisians?

A

They worked with the Frisians and the Saxons providing military protection

37
Q

Who drew Carolingians closer to the papacy and how?

A
  • Boniface
  • He was made Bishop, Archbishop, and Papal Legate respectively
  • Visited Popes Gregory II and III
38
Q

Who was annointed King in 752 by Boniface?

A

Pepin III

39
Q

Who is Boniface?

A
  • Reformed the French church under Pepin III and his brother Carlomann (Charlemagne’s father)
39
Q

What reformations were made to the French Church?

A
  • Frankish churchmen gave allegiance to the pope
  • French monasteries all became Benedictine
  • Monastic schools were set up
  • A secular clergy was created
40
Q

What were Charlamagne’s two ideals?

A
  • Renovatio imperii Romani (a restoration of the Roman empire to its former glory)
  • Correctio (reform of society through improved literacy, piety, and morals)
40
Q

What were the implications behind Charlamagne’s two ideals?

A
  • Restore the Roman empire to its former glory
  • Connected Christian ideal of the moral reform of society through the Liberal Arts education, and scripture
40
Q

Who was Charlamagne inspired by?

A
  • Augustine and the City of God
  • Inspired the emphasis of the church playing a crucial role in preparing people for their end of days through the correct teaching of scripture and conversion
41
Q

Which two powers did Charlamagne appeal to?

A
  • The papacy
  • The Benedictine order
42
Q

How did Charlamagne create the first europe?

A
  • Through conquests
  • The imposition of a common Christian culture
42
Q

Characteristics of Charlamagne’s first europe

A
  • Effective political administrations
  • Latin as the common language
  • Emergence of a common school curriculum
  • Unified by a common religious culture
  • Shaped by shared artistic and intellectual ideals
43
Q

Which Saxonian sacred object did Charlamagne destroy?

A
  • Irminsul
  • A hollow tree trunk associated with Odin
43
Q

Who was the leader of the Saxons?

A

Widukind

44
Q

What happened to the Saxons under Charlamagne’s rule?

A
  • They were eventually conquered
  • Nobles were given land and a church system was set up
44
Q

How did Charlamagne reinforce his alliance with the papacy?

A

He got rid of the Lombards, and their king Desidarius for Pope Hadrian

45
Q

Who crowned Charlamagne as Roman Emperor?

A

Leo III

45
Q

Why was Duke Tassilo III taken down by Charlamagne, and what happened to him?

A

He asserted his independence over Frankish kings
- He was put in a monastery by Charlamagne

45
Q

Who were the Avars?

A

A nomadic Turkish group who occupied the Hungarian plain.

45
Q

Who was Khan Krum?

A
  • Captured the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I and used his skull as a drinking cup
  • In alliance with Charlamagne
  • Went to war with the Avars
46
Q

Who helped Charlamagne rule his kingdom?

A

Benedictine officials

46
Q

Which Capital did Charlamagne rule from?

A

Aachen

46
Q

What kind of monarch was Charlamagne?

A

Theocratic

47
Q

Who was part of Charlamagne’s council?

A
  • Bishops and Abbots
  • Dukes and Counts
  • Court Intellectuals
47
Q

Which position in Charlamagne’s council were the source of Capitularies?

A

Court Intellectuals

47
Q

What are Capitularies?

A

A form of legislation that regulated clergy, court life, and the regions

48
Q

What is the most famous Capitulary and who wrote is?

A
  • General Admonition
  • Called for a moral reform of society through the promotion of piety and education
  • Probably penned by Alcuin
49
Q

What was the purpose of county assemblies?

A
  • Held 2-3 times a year
  • Overseen by a count or duke
  • Regulated local matters
  • Made sure that the people were conforming to royal policy
  • Held law courts
  • Regulated finances
49
Q

What did Charlamagne’s law system create and what did replace?

A
  • A sworn inquest (the origin of the jury)
  • Replaced Trial by Ordeal
49
Q

What was the role of the Missi?

A
  • Guard royal interests against regional transgressions
  • Observe local matters
  • Get oaths of allegiance to the emperor from local nobility
50
Q

What are Beneficias?

A
  • Non-heriditable territories that were cultivated for the local lord
  • Implied a debt to the king or liege lord
50
Q

Who granted Beneficia to regional aristocrats?

A

Charlamagne

51
Q

Which grouped formed the main part of Charlamagne’s administration?

A
  • Benedictine Monks
51
Q

What did the Benedictine Monks do in Charlamagne’s administration?

A
  • Provided the cultural and religious ideals of his kingdom
  • Produced illuminated manuscripts of ancient texts
  • Invented the Carolingian Miniscule
  • Produced manuals for grammar and the Liberal Arts education
52
Q

Who was Alcuin?

A
  • Benedictine Monk
  • Key figure in Charlamagne’s court
52
Q

What did Alcuin do?

A
  • Wrote the laws of Charlamagne’s kingdom
  • Reformed education at the palace
  • Involved in the creation of the Carolingian miniscule
  • Helped promote Liberal Arts in schools
  • Wrote manuals for grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic
  • His letters are the main source of information for this time period
53
Q

What is Paul the Deacon known for?

A

Wrote the History of the Lombards

53
Q

Who taught Charlamagne Latin?

A

Peter of Pisa

53
Q

Who is the most famous court intellectual after Alcuin, and what did he do?

A
  • Theodulf
  • Visigoth
  • Wrote capitularies and letters
  • Had public schools built
  • Wrote the Libri Carolini
53
Q

What is the Libri Carolini?

A

Text in which the official position of idol worship is laid out

54
Q

What is the official position on idol worship?

A
  • Images should be worshiped for what they represent
  • Do not of themselves partake of the nature of that which they represent (i.e. some form of divinity)
54
Q

What did Einhard do?

A
  • Wrote the Life of Charlamagne
  • Connected all of Charlamagne’s life to the ideal of Renovatio
54
Q

What did Eriugena do?

A
  • Knew Ancient Greek
  • Translated the work of Pseudo-Dionysus
  • Christian Neo-Platonist that would later inspire the design of Gothic Cathedrals
55
Q

Who were the 3 sons of Louis the Pious?

A
  • Lothar
  • Louis the German
  • Charles the Bald
55
Q

Who was the last Carolingian?

A

Louis V

56
Q

What is the Oath of Strasbourg?

A
  • Pact made between Charles the Bald and Louis the German against their brother Lothar.
  • Pact of mutual aid
57
Q

Why was the Oath of Strasbourg translated into French?

A

The spoken language of France departed too much from its Latin roots for most people to understand the Latin text
- Linguistic evolution

Medieval Civilizations (3 decks)

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