Test 3: Charlemagne & the Germanic Kingdoms Flashcards
1
Q
What was the Germanic conception of the state?
A
- There was no concept of state
- Power and governance were tied to the king and those who served him closely
- Warriors could overthrow the king if they wanted to
- Allegiance came from free warriors if they believed the ruler was a good leader
2
Q
What was the purpose of Laws in the Germanic Kingdom?
A
- Law emanated from the people
- Was used to regulate violence
- Innocence was to be decided in a Trial by Ordeal
3
Q
What is the Wehrgeld?
A
- Translates to “Military Pay”
- The amount of compensation paid by the person committing the offense to the injured party or their family
3
Q
Who was Catholic majority in North Africa persecuted by?
A
The Arians
4
Q
What is a Trial By Ordeal?
A
- The accused is subjected to a series of dangerous and painful tests in order to determine their innocence
- Basically torture
- “Let’s see if they’ll crack” type of thing
5
Q
Who defeated the Arians in North Africa?
A
- The Byzantines
- Belisarius
- Sent by Justinian
6
Q
Where did the Visigoths settle in 418 AD?
A
Aquitania
7
Q
Who is the King of the Burgundians?
A
Gundobad
8
Q
Who succeeds Euric?
A
Alaric II, king of Visigoths
8
Q
Who kills Alaric II?
A
Clovis, King of Franks
- Battle of Vouille
9
Q
Who is Euric?
A
- ## Son of Theodoric I
10
Q
Where is the Visigothic Kingdom located, and where is it ruled from?
A
- Located in Spain
- Ruled from Narbonne in Gaul
11
Q
Who is Theodoric?
A
Ostrogothic King of Italy
12
Q
Who rules the Ostrogoths in Gaul?
A
Amalaric
12
Q
Who is Theudis?
A
Theodoric’s regent
13
Q
Who banned Arianism in 587?
A
- Reccared, son of Leovigild
- Converted to Catholicism and banned Arianism
14
Q
Who is Leovigild?
A
- First powerful king of Spain
- Reunites Spain in a time when it was fragmented (production of good + trade had ceased)
- Tried to maintain a co-existence with Christians and Arians but failed
14
Q
Which provinces does Leovigild conquer?
A
- Galicia
- Castile-Leon
- Cantabria
- Navarre
- Cordoba
- Merida
-Seville (along wit Suevic Kingdoms)
15
Q
Who founded a new capital in Toledo?
A
Leovigild
16
Q
What aspects flourished in the 7th-8th century?
A
- Culture
-Religious intolerance
16
Q
Who was the last Visigothic King?
A
Roderic
17
Q
What did Sisebut write?
A
- Poems
- Letters
- A saint’s life
18
Q
What did Isidore write?
A
- Etymologiae (the encyclopedia of the Middle Ages)
19
Q
What framework did Isidore and Sisebut create?
A
-They framed laws that suggested Jews be persecuted, suggesting that children be taken from their parents
20
How is Odovacer killed?
- Besieged in Ravenna by Theodoric I
- Cut in half by Theodoric I
20
What is Theodoric's reign like?
- Keeps Italian nobles in the political administration
- Maintains Roman structure and law
- Pursues ideal of Civilitas
21
How does Theodoric cultivate religious tolerance?
- Jews, Catholics, and Arian Goths live in harmony
- Cultivates culture and literature
21
Who is Theodoric's chief official?
- Cassiodorus, a Roman noble who is well educated
22
What does Cassiodorus write about?
- Wrote Letters
- Wrote a History of the Goths (rehabilitated the image of Goths)
23
Who is Boethius?
- Another top official for Theodoric
- Tried to translate all of Plato and Aristotle's works
- Wrote the Consultation of Philosophy
- Executed when suspected of treason against Theodoric
23
What is Boethius' Consultation of Philosophy about?
The wheel of fortune can destroy all earthly success, but cannot remove virtue
24
What is the Edict of Rothari?
- A Lombard Law code
- Praises royal power
- Gives Lombards history
- Creates Lombard identity
24
What is the result of the Edict of Rothari?
- Dukes and Gestalds are now loyal to the King
25
What did Rothari do?
- Unites the Lombards
- Founds a capital at Pavia.
26
What did Pope Stephen ask Pepin III in regards to the Lombard invasions?
Pope Stephen II asked Pepin III to intervene in exchange for papal support of Carolingians as Kings
26
What did Pope Stephen II do for Pepin III?
- Anoints Pepin III as king in St. Denis
-Grants donations to Pepin, giving the pope power over Rome
27
What was Pepin III assigned to do, which he succeeded?
- Pepin chased out the Lombards from areas outside of Rome
28
Who is Desidarius?
- Lombard King
- Retook Rome
28
Who does Pope Hadrian I ask for help to get rid of Desidarius?
Charlamagne
28
Who is Clovis?
- King of Franks
- Published Salic Law
- Defeated Syagrius (last Roman official in Gaul) at Soissons
- His capital was in Paris
29
Where did Clovis defeat the Thuringians?
East of the Rhine
29
Where did Clovis defeat the Alammani?
Battle of Tolbiac
30
Where did Clovis defeat the Visigoths?
Toulouse
- Battle of Vouille
31
What is Salic Law?
- Founded by Clovis
- A set of rules that govern Blood Feuds
- Frankish civil law code
32
What does Gregory of Tours write?
- Historia Francorum
- Covers the history from creation to the Christianization of Gaul by Martin of Tours, and ends with the death of Sigibert
- Tells the story of Clovis' successors
32
Who are the successors of Clovis?
- Theuderic
- Chlodomer
- Childebert
- Chlothar
33
What was the issue between the 4 successors of Clovis?
- Constant violence
- Chlothar and Childebert murdered the sons of Chlodomer
33
Who is Childebert's mother?
Brunhild
- She temporarily rules in place of her grandchildren
33
Who is the last effective and powerful Merovingian king?
Dagobert, son of Chlothar II
34
How is Brunhild killed?
Chlothar II has her torn apart by horses
35
Who is the Maior Domus of Austrasia?
Pepin II
- The most dominant force in France
36
Who is the son of Pepin II and what did he do?
- Charles Martel
- Reunites all of Gaul
36
Who was Wilibrod and what did he do?
- A Benedictine Monk
- Worked to convert the Frisians under Pepin II
37
What did Boniface and Martel work towards with the Frisians?
They worked with the Frisians and the Saxons providing military protection
37
Who drew Carolingians closer to the papacy and how?
- Boniface
- He was made Bishop, Archbishop, and Papal Legate respectively
- Visited Popes Gregory II and III
38
Who was annointed King in 752 by Boniface?
Pepin III
39
Who is Boniface?
- Reformed the French church under Pepin III and his brother Carlomann (Charlemagne's father)
39
What reformations were made to the French Church?
- Frankish churchmen gave allegiance to the pope
- French monasteries all became Benedictine
- Monastic schools were set up
- A secular clergy was created
40
What were Charlamagne's two ideals?
- Renovatio imperii Romani (a restoration of the Roman empire to its former glory)
- Correctio (reform of society through improved literacy, piety, and morals)
40
What were the implications behind Charlamagne's two ideals?
- Restore the Roman empire to its former glory
- Connected Christian ideal of the moral reform of society through the Liberal Arts education, and scripture
40
Who was Charlamagne inspired by?
- Augustine and the City of God
- Inspired the emphasis of the church playing a crucial role in preparing people for their end of days through the correct teaching of scripture and conversion
41
Which two powers did Charlamagne appeal to?
- The papacy
- The Benedictine order
42
How did Charlamagne create the first europe?
- Through conquests
- The imposition of a common Christian culture
42
Characteristics of Charlamagne's first europe
- Effective political administrations
- Latin as the common language
- Emergence of a common school curriculum
- Unified by a common religious culture
- Shaped by shared artistic and intellectual ideals
43
Which Saxonian sacred object did Charlamagne destroy?
- Irminsul
- A hollow tree trunk associated with Odin
43
Who was the leader of the Saxons?
Widukind
44
What happened to the Saxons under Charlamagne's rule?
- They were eventually conquered
- Nobles were given land and a church system was set up
44
How did Charlamagne reinforce his alliance with the papacy?
He got rid of the Lombards, and their king Desidarius for Pope Hadrian
45
Who crowned Charlamagne as Roman Emperor?
Leo III
45
Why was Duke Tassilo III taken down by Charlamagne, and what happened to him?
He asserted his independence over Frankish kings
- He was put in a monastery by Charlamagne
45
Who were the Avars?
A nomadic Turkish group who occupied the Hungarian plain.
45
Who was Khan Krum?
- Captured the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I and used his skull as a drinking cup
- In alliance with Charlamagne
- Went to war with the Avars
46
Who helped Charlamagne rule his kingdom?
Benedictine officials
46
Which Capital did Charlamagne rule from?
Aachen
46
What kind of monarch was Charlamagne?
Theocratic
47
Who was part of Charlamagne's council?
- Bishops and Abbots
- Dukes and Counts
- Court Intellectuals
47
Which position in Charlamagne's council were the source of Capitularies?
Court Intellectuals
47
What are Capitularies?
A form of legislation that regulated clergy, court life, and the regions
48
What is the most famous Capitulary and who wrote is?
- General Admonition
- Called for a moral reform of society through the promotion of piety and education
- Probably penned by Alcuin
49
What was the purpose of county assemblies?
- Held 2-3 times a year
- Overseen by a count or duke
- Regulated local matters
- Made sure that the people were conforming to royal policy
- Held law courts
- Regulated finances
49
What did Charlamagne's law system create and what did replace?
- A sworn inquest (the origin of the jury)
- Replaced Trial by Ordeal
49
What was the role of the Missi?
- Guard royal interests against regional transgressions
- Observe local matters
- Get oaths of allegiance to the emperor from local nobility
50
What are Beneficias?
- Non-heriditable territories that were cultivated for the local lord
- Implied a debt to the king or liege lord
50
Who granted Beneficia to regional aristocrats?
Charlamagne
51
Which grouped formed the main part of Charlamagne's administration?
- Benedictine Monks
51
What did the Benedictine Monks do in Charlamagne's administration?
- Provided the cultural and religious ideals of his kingdom
- Produced illuminated manuscripts of ancient texts
- Invented the Carolingian Miniscule
- Produced manuals for grammar and the Liberal Arts education
52
Who was Alcuin?
- Benedictine Monk
- Key figure in Charlamagne's court
52
What did Alcuin do?
- Wrote the laws of Charlamagne's kingdom
- Reformed education at the palace
- Involved in the creation of the Carolingian miniscule
- Helped promote Liberal Arts in schools
- Wrote manuals for grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic
- His letters are the main source of information for this time period
53
What is Paul the Deacon known for?
Wrote the History of the Lombards
53
Who taught Charlamagne Latin?
Peter of Pisa
53
Who is the most famous court intellectual after Alcuin, and what did he do?
- Theodulf
- Visigoth
- Wrote capitularies and letters
- Had public schools built
- Wrote the Libri Carolini
53
What is the Libri Carolini?
Text in which the official position of idol worship is laid out
54
What is the official position on idol worship?
- Images should be worshiped for what they represent
- Do not of themselves partake of the nature of that which they represent (i.e. some form of divinity)
54
What did Einhard do?
- Wrote the Life of Charlamagne
- Connected all of Charlamagne's life to the ideal of Renovatio
54
What did Eriugena do?
- Knew Ancient Greek
- Translated the work of Pseudo-Dionysus
- Christian Neo-Platonist that would later inspire the design of Gothic Cathedrals
55
Who were the 3 sons of Louis the Pious?
- Lothar
- Louis the German
- Charles the Bald
55
Who was the last Carolingian?
Louis V
56
What is the Oath of Strasbourg?
- Pact made between Charles the Bald and Louis the German against their brother Lothar.
- Pact of mutual aid
57
Why was the Oath of Strasbourg translated into French?
The spoken language of France departed too much from its Latin roots for most people to understand the Latin text
- Linguistic evolution
