Test #3 - Cellular Resp/Fermentation/Photosynthesis/Mitosis/Meiosis Flashcards
Cellular Respiration
The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron chain and chemosmosis)
Redox Reaction
Short for _________-_________ reaction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (________) and added to another (_________).
Oxidation
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction.
Reduction
The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation.
Chemiosmosis
And energy-coupling mechanism that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradient across membranes to drive cellular work, such as the phosphorylation of ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells.
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants, algae, and some protists and prokaryotes convert light energy to chemical energy that is stored and sugar is made from carbon dioxide and water.
Autotrophs
An organism that makes it’s own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Plants, algae, and numerous bacteria are __________.
Heterotrophs
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain.
Chlorophyll
A green pigment located within chloroplasts of plants and algae in in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. _________A participates directly in the light reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy.
Stoma (singular)
Stomata (plural)
A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf. When _______ are open, CO2 enters the leaf, and H2O and 02 exit. A plant conserves water when it’s _______ are closed.
Stroma
The dense of fluid within the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoid membrane. Sugars are made in the ______ by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle.
Thylakoid
A flat and remember us sack inside a car a class. _________ membranes contain chlorophyll and the molecular complexes of the light reaction of photosynthesis. A stack of __________ is called a granum.
Light reaction
The first of two stages in photosynthesis; the steps and which solar energy is observed and converted into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.
NADP+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.
Calvin cycle
The second of two stages of photosynthesis; a cyclic series of chemical reaction that occurs in this drama of a chloroplast, using the carbon in CO2 and of the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make the energy-rich sugar molecule G3P.
Carbon Fixation
The incorporation of carbon from atmospheric CO2 into an organic compound. During photosynthesis in a C3 plant, carbon is fixed into a three-carbon sugar as it enters the Calvin cycle. In C4 and CAM plants, carbon is first fixed into a four-carbon sugar.
Chromosomes
A gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-curing structure of a prokaryotic cell. A chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
Asexual reproduction
The creation of genetically identical offspring’s by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg.
