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Biology 1 > Test 3 Bio 1 > Flashcards

Test 3 Bio 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed.

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2
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy (disorder) of the universe. As energy is converted to another form, some of it is lost as heat.

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3
Q

What is the 3rd law of thermodynamics?

A

Entropy at absolute zero is equal to zero

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4
Q

What are the four types of energy?

A
  1. Kinetic - motion
  2. Heat (thermal) - Random movement of molecules
  3. Potential - Positional
  4. Chemical - Chemical potential energy (ATP)
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5
Q

Energy

A

Causes change through work. Comes from catabolic reactions.

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6
Q

ATP powers cellular work by

A

coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.

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7
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Path from starting material to product including enzymes and intermediates

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8
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

Releases energy i.e. - cellular respiration
Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones
Yield energy when bonds are broken

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9
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

Requires energy i.e. - protein synthesis

Small molecules join to make larger ones

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10
Q

Exergonic/Spontaneous process

A

Reaction occurs without energy input (-ΔG). Increases entropy.

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11
Q

What is the Free energy equation?

A

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS
ΔH is change in enthalpy
TΔS is temp (k) times entropy change

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12
Q

Entropy vs enthalpy

A

Enthalpy - energy that can be recovered (total energy of system)
Entropy - energy lost as heat

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13
Q

Endergonic/Non-spontaneous

A

Requires energy input (+ΔG).

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of work cells perform?

A

Chemical - drive endergonic reactions
Transport - active transport
Mechanical - running, flagella, cillia

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15
Q

Energy coupling

A

Use of energy released from exergonic process (ATP) to drive an endergonic one.

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16
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Adenine (Nitrogenous base) + Ribose (sugar) + 3 phosphate

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17
Q

How does ATP work?

A

ATP hydrolyzes to ADP. The phosphate group attaches to create a phosphorylated intermediate (unstable), which reacts to create/ transport/move things.

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18
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy needed to break bond for a chemical reaction to occur.

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19
Q

What are the 4 ways an enzyme can decrease Ea?

A
  1. Orienting substrates correctly
  2. Straining substrate bonds
  3. Providing favorable environment
  4. Covalently bonding to substrate
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20
Q

Cofactors

A

Non-protein enzyme helpers. ie zinc

21
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic cofactor. Vitamins

22
Q

Things that effect enzyme function:

A

pH, temp, salt, other chemicals

23
Q

Competitive enzyme inhibitors

A

Molecule binds to the active site, inhibiting function.

24
Q

Non-competative enzyme inhibitors

A

Bind to a different area of enzyme, changing activation site shape. Less effective or completely inhibits.

25
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

Proteins function at one site (active site) is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule of another site.

26
Q

Allosteric Molecules

A

Endogenously in the cell that behave as reversible noncompetitive inhibition.
Bind to enzyme non-covalently at a site (not the active site), this either inhibits the enzyme activity or speeds it up.

27
Q

Allosteric Inhibition

A

Binding of an allosteric molecule that slows the activity of the enzyme.

28
Q

Allosteric Activation

A

Substrate molecule binds to an active site of multi-subunit enzyme, triggers a shape change to increase catalytic activity at the other sites.

29
Q

Examples of Catabolic pathways

A

Fermentation: Partial Degradation of sugars that occur without O2
Aerobic Respiration: Most prevalent. Consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration: Consumes organic molecules but not O2 to yield ATP.
Cellular Respiration: Includes aero and anaero. Over time, solely used to define aerobic.

30
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons (more +). The one that is oxidized is the reducing agent.

31
Q

Reduction

A

Gaining electrons. (more -). The one that is reduced is the oxidizing agent. Where the hydrogen atom goes.
Oxygen is always reduced

32
Q

What are the 3 steps of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
  3. Electron Phosphorylation
33
Q

Glycolysis

A

Can be anaerobic. 10 steps. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

34
Q

NAD+

A

Coenzyme that carries the electron around the electron transport chain

35
Q

Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

A

Occurs in mitochondria. 8 steps
Pyruvate must be oxidized to Acetyl CoA + 2 CO2. (nad+ reduces to NADH)
1. Acetyl CoA + Oxyloacitate=Citrate
2. Citrate + water = Isocitrate
3. Isocitrate is OXIDIZED to alphaketogluterate
NAD+ is REDUCED to NADH + CO2
4. Alphaketogluterate is OXIDIZED to succinyl CoA
NAD+ is REDUCED to NADH + CO2
5. Succinyl CoA phosphorylized + GDP = GTP + Succinate
GTP + ADP = ATP
6. Succinate OXIDIZED into fumarate
FAD REDUCED into FADH2
7. Fumarate + water = Malate
8. Malate OXIDIZED into Oxyloacitate
NAD+ is REDUCED to NADH

36
Q

Net equation per step

A

1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH -> (2CO2) -> 2ATP + 6NADH 2FADH2 + 4CO2-> 28ATP + 6H2O

37
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Electrons carried from NADH and FADH2
Electron Transport Chain: occurs in cristae of mitochondria. Each cristae reduces and oxidized to the next until it passes it to oxygen to make water.
Chemosmosis: H pumped into inner matrix space, diffuses back in through ATP synthase pump.

38
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

No release of CO2
Pyruvate reduced by NADH, forming 2 Lactate
2 Lactates because initially 2 Pyruvates from Glycolysis.

39
Q

Alcohol Fermentation:

A 
Pyruvate converted to ethanol in 2 steps
Release of CO2 from pyruvate (oxidized)
Oxidation of NADH to NAD+
THIS forms 2 Ethanols, since 1 Pyruvate = 1 Ethanol
\+ 2 ATP
40
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation:

A

No release of CO2
Pyruvate reduced by NADH, forming 2 Lactate
2 Lactates because initially 2 Pyruvates from Glycolysis.
+ 2 ATP

41
Q

What step in Krebs is ATP produced?

A

5

42
Q

What steps in the krebs cycle are redox with NAD+?

A

3,4,8 (6 is FADH)

43
Q

Light Dependent Reactions

A

PS II (P680)
PS I (P700)
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast
Light is exciting electrons in the P680 chlorophyll
P680 gives electrons to electron acceptor (P680+)
H2O enters the light harvesting complex, reducing the P680+ to P680
Creates proton gradient, makes ATP for Calvin cycle,
P700 sends electrons to ferredoxin. NADP+ becomes NADPH (for calvin cycle)
O2 released as a byproduct after an enzyme strips away the H2 and electrons.

44
Q

Calvin cycle

A

Happens in stroma.
Uses ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to G3P to sugar
3 phases: Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of the CO2 adaptor (RuBP)

45
Q

Carbon fixation

A

CO2 uses ATP and NAPH to attach and make RuBP. 6 carbon sugar breaks down into two 3 carbon sugar

46
Q

Reduction

A

Each 3 carbon sugar gets an additional phosphate group from ATP. Forms NADPH. 6 3-carbon sugars (G3P). 5 replenish the cycle, 1 creates sugar.

47
Q

regeneration of the CO2 adaptor (RuBP)

A

5 3 carbon molecules converted to RuBP with 3 ATP. Net 3 RuBP.

48
Q

Net Calvin eqution

A

Phase 1: 3 CO2 + 6ATP + 6 NADPH -> 6 G3P

Phase 2: 9ATP (net 3) + 6NADPH + 5 G3P-> 3 RuBP

Biology 1 (4 decks)

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