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Mechanical Ventilation > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

General indicators for Mechanical ventilation

A

When support is needed bc patients inability to ventilate the lungs or maintain effective gas transport across the alveolcapillary membrane. This could be the result of lung disease or things such as, drug overdose or the need to paralyze and sedate for a surgical procedure

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2
Q

Apnea

A

the absense of spontaneous breathing, which can be the result of many factors, including drug overdose, paralysis, or neurologic insult

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3
Q

Acute Ventilatory Failure defined as

A

rising levels of PaCo2 with corresponding decrease in pH, resulting in respiratory acidosis

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4
Q

Acute ventilatory failure can be the result of

A

respiratory muscule dysfunction, excessive ventilatory load, impaired ventilatory drive, or dysfunctions of the lung parenchyma affecting gas exchange

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5
Q

Impending Ventilatory Failure based on

A

patient presentation and clinical judgement.
-known factors such as hx of pulmonary disease and acute physical manifestations such as increased WOB, Decreasing OX and or ventilation, and progressive worsening of symptoms such as dyspnea, may lead to clinician to suspect the acute vent failure is close at hand

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6
Q

Severe oxygenation defects is when

A

Result of an acute or chronic lund disease

  • very high levels of inspired oxygen (FiO2) are required to maintain a minimally acceptable o2 status.
  • Severe are unresponsive to O2 therapy (refractory hypoxemia)
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7
Q

Need for mech ventilation condensed into four primary factors

A
  • Apnea
  • Acute vent. failure
  • Impending vent. failure
  • Severe oxygenation defects
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8
Q

Two major types of mechanical ventilation are

A
  • Volume control ventilation (VCV)

- Pressure control ventilation (PCV)

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9
Q

VCV

A

tidal volume is set and delivered regardless of pressure

  • Method selected whenever a constant volume is needed to maintain a desired level of arterial carbon dioxide
  • tradeoff is that changes in system mechanics such as resistance and compliance will influence PIP
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10
Q

PCV

A

inspiratory pressure is set and delivered regardless of tidal volume

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11
Q

PIP

A

Peak inspiratory Pressure, highest level of pressure applied to lungs during inhalation

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12
Q

As compliance goes down or resistance goes up, PIP

A

increases

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13
Q

As compliance goes up or resistance goes down, PIP

A

decreases

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14
Q

Factors that impact PIP during VC ventilation

A
  • Peak inspiratory flow setting
  • Inspiratory flow pattern
  • Auto-PEEP
  • Tidal Volume
  • Resistance
  • Compliance
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15
Q

Peak Inspiratory flow setting impacts PIP in VC ventilation

A

The peak inspiratory flow rate can be set and changed based on pts needs. A higher set peak inspiratory flow results in higher PIP

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16
Q

Inspiratory flow pattern impacts PIP in VC

A

(the pattern with which the inspiratory flow is delivered can also be changed by operator)

  • In VC, a square or decelerating flow pattern are available choices
  • The decelerating flow pattern is associated with lower PIP
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17
Q

PEEP impacts PIP

A

Baseline pressure at the end of exhalation
-Any pressure or volume support used during mech ventilation occurs above the baseline pressure, so increases in PEEP result in increases in PIP

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18
Q

Auto-PEEP impacts PIP

A

Due to air trapping raises the PEEP pressure, thereby elevating the PIP

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19
Q

increases in the set VT will result in what to PIP

A

higher PIP

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20
Q

Resistance to PIP

A

Increases in airway resistance result in increases in PIP.
-Common cause of increased resistance are secretions in the airway or bronchospasm of the smooth muscle lining the airway

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21
Q

Decreased compliance of the lung or chest wall will result in what PIP during VC

A

Result in elevated PIP during VC ventilation

-Decreased compliance could be due to a worsening of the patients pulmonary condition

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22
Q

During PCV

A

the airway pressure is set and remains constant during changes in compliance or resistance
-BC PIP is constant during PCV, changes in resistance and compliance will result in changes in delivered tidal volume

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23
Q

Increased airway resistance or decreased compliance will

A

decrease Vt

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24
Q

Decreased airway resistance and increased compliance will

A

increase VT

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25
Q

Factors affecting tidal voume during PCV

A
  • Driving pressure increases, so does Vt
  • AutoPEEP, decreases Vt
  • Inspiratory time, increase Vt if Inspiratory flow is present
  • compliance decreases, descrease Vt
  • resistance, decrease Vt
  • Pt effort, increases Vt
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26
Q

Driving pressure

A

difference between PIP and PEEP

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27
Q

Decreases in compliance will result in decreased volume during PCV, potentially causing

A

hypoventilation and resp acidosis

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28
Q

Mode of ventilation

A

simply an option for how breath delivery will be provided

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29
Q

Major modes of ventilation common to all vents include

A
  • CMV (AC)
  • SIMV
  • CPAP with or without PSV
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30
Q

Both CMV and SIMV modes can be either

A

volume or pressure controlled

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31
Q

CMV can deliver

A

either a set tidal volume or a set inspiratory pressure, along with a set minimum respiratory rate

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32
Q

What is constant during CMV

A

Volume or the pressure depending on which control method was selected. Patient can trigger or initiate a breath above the set RR.

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33
Q

SIMV can provide

A

either pressure-controlled or volume controlled mandatory breaths while allowing spontaneous breaths that may be above or below the set control variable

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34
Q

Purpose of SIMV is to allow

A

the patient and vent to share the WOB. wean

35
Q

CPAP

A

purely spontaneous mode of ventilation that applies greater than atmospheric pressure to the airways

36
Q

CPAP is often used to evaluate

A

a pts spontaneous breathing capability prior to extubation and discontinuation of mech vent

37
Q

APC

A

Adaptive Pressure control

  • Sets desired Vt and the vent automatically adjusts the inspiratory pressure to the lowest level needed to deliver the set tidal volume
  • Constant Vt with lowest PIP possible in the face of changes in compliance and resistance
38
Q

Hybrid modes of ventilation

A
  • APC
  • ASV
  • APRV
  • TC
  • PAV
  • NAVA
39
Q

ASV

A

Adaptive support ventilation
-Automatically selects Vt and RR for mandatory breaths and a Vt for spontaneous breaths based on compliance, resistance, and a target level of minute ventilation

40
Q

APRV

A

Airway pressure release ventilation

  • Pressure-controlled modication of SIMV utilizing a high and low pressure setting that allows a pt to breath spontaneously during either
  • Can provide longer inspiratory times as compared to expiratory time (inverse ratio)
  • Used to maintain alveolar recruitment and improve oxygenation in instances of significant oxygenation defect
41
Q

TC

A

Tube compensation
-Form of pressure support designed specifically to overcome the additional WOB and resistance imposed by the artificial airway

42
Q

PAV

A

Proportional Assist ventilation

  • Mode of ventilation that provides support in proportion to the pts expected neuronal output of the resp center
  • Vent monitors resp drive as reflected by the insp flow of the pt, then transformed into a volume level
43
Q

NAVA

A

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist

  • Driven by the electrical activity of the diaphragm
  • determines support level
  • Improves synchrony between pt and vent, as the vent responds more quickly to the spontaneous efforts as generated by the diaphragm
44
Q

An effective tidal volume ventilatres the lungs while

A

keeping plateau pressure (Pplat) below 30 cm H2O

45
Q

In the case of using smaller tidal volumes,

A

RR may be set at 25 to 35 breaths per minute to maintain minute vent

46
Q

With higher RR,

A

exhalation time is shortened and the potential for the development of auto-Peep is present

47
Q

Set Fi02 to 100% when

A

during respiratory arrest or another situation when the pts oxygenation status is unknown or strongly suspected to be poor

48
Q

Excessive levels of FiO2 are associated with negative effects such as

A

nitrogen washout, atelectasis, and oxygen toxicity

49
Q

PEEP is used in vent pts to

A

prevent atelectasis associated with the immobility , body position, and impaired cough ability inhereted in mech vent

50
Q

Higher levels of PEEP may be required in pts with serious oxygenation defects as seen with

A

ARDS and ALI, in order to maintain oxygenation, also useful in overcoming the breath triggering problems associated with auto PEEP

51
Q

Pts with autoPEEP have additinal threshold

A

pressure that needs to be overcome in order to trigger inspiration, which can contribute to an increased WOB and asynchrony.
-Increasing the set PEEP to the level of autoPEEP reduces the amount of effort needed to trigger a breath, but it may also increase PIP and Pplat to unacceptable levels

52
Q

Breath-triggering setting

A

is an example of a parameter that is not commonly part of the physician order but that must be adjusted appropriately to maximize the benefit of mech vent

53
Q

During pressure trigger,

A

the vent measures a drop in system pressure that is associated with diaphragmatic effort and delivers a breath

54
Q

Flow trigger

A

operates by the vent detecting a drop in base flow that is associated with spontaneous effort

55
Q

Inspiratory flow pattern has an impact on factors such as

A

inspiratory time and gas distribution

56
Q

During volume control ventilation,

A

a square or decelerating flow pattern is available for selection

57
Q

Gas distribution is better with what waveform

A

decelerating, there also may be improvements in synchrony between pt and vent

58
Q

During volume control vent, the high PIP alarm is not necessary? T/F

A

False

59
Q

During positive control ventilation, which alarms can alert the clinician to changes in respiratory mechanics?

A
  • High and Low Vt
  • during pressure control, volume is variable and dependent on the pressure setting and respiratory system mechanics. Changes such as decreased compliance can be detected with low Vt alarms and improved compliance with a high Vt alarm.
60
Q

A 60-kg PBW patient is placed on CPAP with pressure support. How should the apnea parameters be set?

A
  • The RR should be set in accordance with Vt to provide Ve of 6 L per minute
  • The FiO2 should be set to 100%
61
Q

Ventilation strategies for obstructive lung disease include

A

using a Vt low enough to maintain a Pplat of less than 30 cm H2O, usually in the range of 6 mL/kg of PBW.

  • RR is used to normalize the pH as much as possible, but high rates- air trapping, inadequate exp time= hypercapnia
  • I time is set as low as possible to maximize exp time and reduce auto peep
  • FiO2 is titrated to the lowest level possible to maintain acceptable oxygenation
62
Q

Acceptable oxygenation in obstructive lung disease may be

A
  • SpO2 greater than 88%

- PaO2 greater than 55 mm Hg

63
Q

Settings that need to be ordered

A

Mode, Tidal volume or pressure set, rate, FiO2, PSV, and PEEP

64
Q

Settings that are set to accompany ordered settings

A

Trigger, Insp flow or time, waveform, alarms/ limits, backup, ventilation, and humidification

65
Q

Tidal volume ranges on vent/ rate

A

from 4-10ml/kg (spontaneous 5-7ml/kg),
keeping plateau less than 30cmH2O
rate- 12-20

66
Q

If plateau is high

A

decrease Vt and increase RR

67
Q

Minute ventilation ranges

A

5-10L/m or norm women:7, males:8,

80-100ml/kg (IBW)

68
Q

Ve determined by

A

Vt x RR (always use returned Vt and total rate)

69
Q

Oxygen Percentage

A

100% usual starting point, reduce to 40-50% as soon as possible.

  • If you have ABG’s that indicate the pt does not need 100% then start at 40-50%
  • Avoid going over 60%, add PEEP instead
70
Q

PEEP

A

-Increases gas exchange, FRC- pops open alveoli and is the norm end of exhalation
-Raises mean airway pressure
-Improves oxygenation
-Standard 3-5 cmH2O (physiologic PEEP)
FiO2 0.6 or more consider using PEEP over 5
-Apply and reduce in small increments 2-3cmH2O
-Watch cardiovascular side effects

71
Q

Triggering

A

Set as sensitive as possible

  • Pressure: -0.5 to 2.0
  • Flow: 2-3 below base flow (default)
72
Q

Inspiratory flow, Ti, I:E

A

Ti about 1 sec (0.8-1.2) is normal
-at least 1:2 ratio
=shorter Ti= faster flow

73
Q

Factors that affect Ti on conventional ventilators (7200/Star)

A

Vt, Flowrate, flow pattern
*Vt= Ti x flow
To shorten= Ti reduce Vt or increase flow

74
Q

Remember reducing Vt changes

A

PaCO2

75
Q

Inspiratory rise time

A

usually on default, 3seconds.

  • used to control how fast the pressure rises to peak
  • much like flow rate, need to meet or exceed pts demand
76
Q

Flow patterns

A

Square, descending ramp, ascending ramp, and sine
-Square shortest
Less effects on the heart
Higher peak pressure
-Descending ramp
Longer Ti
better gas distribution improving oxygenation
Higher mean airway pressure causing more cardiac impairment

77
Q

PSV (for SIMV and CPAP modes)

A

Minimal to overcome tubing resistance usually 6-8cmH2O
Increase PSV pressure to increase Vt
This mode is assisting the pts ventilation if set over the minimum
Only consider extubation if PSV down to minimum

78
Q

Inspiratory Cycle Off

A

Used to help end a PSV breath
-swine wave
Either a percentage or a set flow rate
Makes it easier to end the breath so pt does not have to go to zero flow before the pressure is released

79
Q

Inspiratory Pause

A

Used to improve gas distribution and improve oxygenation

  • Increases mean airway pressure causing more cardiac impairment
  • Temp for determining lung compliance and airway resistance
  • Set for 0.5 seconds for three breaths
  • average number
  • remember to turn off if not automatic
  • remember it can affect cardiac output
80
Q

Normal lungs (Post Op, Neuro-muscular, CNS, Etc)

A

A/C or SIMV

  • Vt volume type breaths 6-10 ml/kg IBW
  • RR to obtain desired Minute Ventilation
  • Insp Flow/Ti: 60 Lpm or Ti 1 sec (longer=improve O2)
  • FiO2 should be below 0.50 but is very pt dependant
  • PEEP start at 3-5
81
Q

COPD and asthma (obstructive airway disease)

A

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to start

  • IPAP start about 10-12
  • EPAP start about 5
  • BUR just in case they stop breathing, start about 8-10 for COPD
82
Q

Obstructive airway disease, invasive management

A

A/C or SIMV (SIMV preferred)

  • Vt volume type breaths 6ml/kg IBW
  • RR 10-12 , so they can spontaneously breathe in between
  • Insp flow/ Ti: 60-100LPM or Ti <1 sec, try to keep E time long to reduce airtrapping
  • FiO2 should be lowest possible to maintain SpO2 in low 90s
  • PEEP to match auto-PEEP
83
Q

How do you measure lung disease

A

by FEV1

Mechanical Ventilation (11 decks)

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