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EHS 865 Liver & Kindey > Test #3 > Flashcards

Test #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hepatotoxicity?

A

Adverse effects in hepatic tissue by chemical, physical, or biological agents

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2
Q

Anatomy of the liver (anterior view, from left to right)

A

Right lobe, falciform ligament, left lobe

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3
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

Macrophages (phagocytes) in the liver sinusoids that function as immune cells including DESTROYING OLDER RED BLOOD CELLS

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4
Q

What are the three functional units of the liver? (Actually 4)

A

Hepatic cells, hepatic veins, hepatic arteries, bile ducts

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5
Q

What is another name for a liver cell?

A

Hepatocyte

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6
Q

What carries chemicals from the GI tract to the liver?

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

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7
Q

What is responsible for 75% of the blood flow to the liver?

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

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8
Q

What is responsible for 25% of the blood flow to the liver?

A

Hepatic artery

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9
Q

What chemical is secreted by the liver to help excrete toxic metabolites?

A

Bile

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10
Q

Which route is the most important for excreting toxics from the liver?

A

Fecal route

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11
Q

What are the two routes for excreting toxins from the liver?

A

Fecal and urinary routes

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12
Q

What direction does bile flow compared to blood flow in the Bile Caniculi and what is this called?

A

Opposite direction & Counter-current Flow

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13
Q

What is the name of the bile storage organ of the body?

A

Gall bladder

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14
Q

What is the gall bladder’s main function?

A

Concentrates and stores bile (does not produce it)

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15
Q

What organ has the highest concentration of xenobitoic-metabolizing enzymes?

A

Liver

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16
Q

What particular enzyme does the liver have a high concentration of?

A

Cytochrome P-450

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17
Q

Where do most foreign compounds enter the body?

A

The GI Tract

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18
Q

What carries nutrients and toxicants from the GI tract to the liver?

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

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19
Q

The liver has evolved to excrete metabolites by making them what?

A

Hydrophilic

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20
Q

What class of enzymes are in the liver performing metabolizing reactions?

A

P-450

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21
Q

When are liver cells most active?

A

After eating

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22
Q

Which zone of the liver is described as: central, where most chemicals pass through, where peripheral cell death occurs if toxic to vascular system, and contains the most blood?

A

Zone 1

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23
Q

In what zone of the liver does most of the cell death occur?

A

Zone 2

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24
Q

Which zone of the liver is a peripheral part of the liver and where most of the metabolizing chemicals (P-450) are located?

A

Zone 3

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25
Q

What is another name for Steotosis?

A

Fatty liver

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26
Q

What happens when a hepatotoxin causes abnormal fat handling by the liver and leads to the storage of fat in the liver itself?

A

Steatosis aka fatty liver

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27
Q

What can Cyclohexane solvent exposure and Tetracycline antibiotic overdose cause?

A

Steatosis aka fatty liver

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28
Q

What type of lesion is steatosis associated with?

A

Type 1 lesion

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29
Q

What is cell death in the liver associated with an inflammatory response called?

A

Cell necrosis

30
Q

What can acetaminophen (pain medicine), beryllium (toxic metal), chloroform (organic solvent), tannic acid (tanning of pelts by taxidermist), and trichlorethylene (parts cleaner, organic solvent) cause?

A

Cell necrosis in the liver

31
Q

Cell necrosis in the liver is associated with which type of lesion?

A

Type 1

32
Q

The blocking of bile flow by hepatotoxin, inflammation, and jaundice (yellow colored skin) describe what?

A

Cholestasis

33
Q

What can the pharmaceuticals amitriptyline, diazepam, magazine, and sulfanilamide cause in the liver?

A

Cholestasis

34
Q

What type of lesion is Cholestasis associated with?

A

Type 2

35
Q

In humans, chronic use of ethanol is the single most important cause of what?

A

Cirrhosis

36
Q

What is most involved in the first stage of ethanol metabolism?

A

Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)

37
Q

What two enzymes (as cofactors) catalyze the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde in the liver?

A

ADH with NAD

38
Q

What is the most important toxin that causes Cirrhosis?

A

Carbon Tetrachloride

39
Q

Carbon Tet is used in what?

A

Cleaning fluids and fire extinguishers

40
Q

Which toxin is a hepatotoxin (liver), nephrotoxin (renal/kidney), and probable carcinogen?

A

Carbon Tet

41
Q

Which toxic response of the liver causes inflammation and is usually viral in origin?

A

Hepatitis

42
Q

What bloodborne pathogens cause hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis A, B, C, and D viruses

43
Q

Hepatitis D requires what?

A

A preexisting chronic hepatitis B infection

44
Q

Type 2 diabetes is linked with what?

A

Kidney disease

45
Q

What are the 4 main kidney functions?

A
  1. Excretory - elimination of body waste products
  2. Regulatory - body homeostasis activities, tries to keep a balance
  3. Endocrine - production of enzymes in blood
  4. Blood filter
46
Q

The production of renin (blood pressure control), prostaglandins (blood calcium level control), and erythropoietin (increase production of RBC’s) are associated with which kidney function?

A

Endocrine

47
Q

What % of the total cardiac output do the kidneys receive, exposing them to large amounts of nephrotoxic agents that enter the bloodstream?

A

25%

48
Q

How do the veins/arteries of the kidney flow in relation to the nephron?

A

They flow in opposite directions (counter current)

49
Q

What are the 2 purposes of the counter current flow in the kidneys?

A
  1. To decrease the loss of filtered nutrients and water

2. Concentrate the waste/toxins in the urine for excretion

50
Q

What % of body weight is extracellular fluid?

A

20%

51
Q

What % of body weight is intracellular fluid?

A

40%

52
Q

What % of body weight is solid (tissue matter & bone)?

A

40%

53
Q

Osmolality: RBC ________ when the osmolality inside the cell is greater than outside the cell

A

Swells

54
Q

Osmolality: RBC _______ when the osmolality inside the cell is lower than the osmolality outside the cell

A

Shrinks

55
Q

What refers to the body’s electrolyte-water balance?

A

Osmolality

56
Q

The rate at which urine is filtered by the glomerulus (how fast) is?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

57
Q

What test is used to determine the glomerular filtration rate?

A

Insulin clearance test

58
Q

What other metabolic product from your body can be measured by a blood and urine sample to find the GFR just like insulin?

A

Creatinine

59
Q

What type of determination (test) is a urinalysis?

A

Chemical

60
Q

What substances are measured in a urinalysis?

A

pH, protein, glucose, ketones, urobilogen & bilirubin

61
Q

What is a urinalysis?

A

A microscopic examination of centrifuged sediment

62
Q

What 4 types of sediment can be found in a urinalysis?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Casts
  3. Crystals
  4. Bacteria
63
Q

What 5 types of casts can be found in a urinalysis?

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. Epithelial (dead skin)
  4. Hyaline (bacteria)
  5. Waxy & fatty
64
Q

What are common nephrotoxins (bad for kidney)?

A
  1. Mercury
  2. aspirin
  3. Anesthetic gas
  4. Hex chrome
  5. Uranium
  6. Cadmium
  7. Tetracycline (antibiotic)
65
Q

What does mercury do to the kidney?

A

Damages proximal tubule of nephron

66
Q

What does aspirin do to the kidney?

A

Damages by causing loss of concentration gradient in kidney which results in diluting urine

67
Q

Anesthetic gas has the same effect as aspirin on the liver true or false?

A

True

68
Q

Hex chrome damages what in the kidneys?

A

Proximal tubule of nephron

69
Q

Uranium does what to kidney?

A

Massive necrosis

70
Q

Cadmium causes what in the kidney?

A

Proteinuria

71
Q

What are 4 symptoms of urinary issues?

A
  1. Polyuria (excessive urination)
  2. Glucosuria (sugar in urine)
  3. Proteinuria (protein byproducts in urine)
  4. Anuria (lack of urination)

EHS 865 Liver & Kindey (1 decks)

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