test 3

Question 1

Organic molecules store______ energy in their______ bonds

Answer 1

potential covalent

Question 2

What is the minimum number of nucleotides in a gene that codes for the synthesis of the 319 amino acid PRK1 in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 2

more than 957 nucleotides

Question 3

What value for delta G ( a positive of negative value) would you expect for the ATP synthesis from ADP

Answer 3

+ Delta G

Question 4

In chemical reactions, most of the entropy increase occurs as _____

Answer 4

heat

Question 5

in cellular respiration, glucose is ______ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water

Answer 5

oxidized; reduced

Question 6

which of the following molecules has the least potential energy that can be used by a cell?

Answer 6

ADP

Question 7

The reduction of NAD to form NADH during glycolysis requires

Answer 7

enzymes in the metabolic pathway and glucose

Question 8

Why does a 10oz steak contain potential energy

Answer 8

it contains protein

Question 9

How do cells in the root of plants obtain ATP?

Answer 9

they metabolize sugar transported from leaves using glycolysis and respiration

Question 10

Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions by which the cell can obtain ATP. NAD+ has a crucial role in the reactions of glycolysis by:

Answer 10

accepting electrons from glucose so that glucose becomes partially oxidized to pyruvate

Question 11

During glycolysis, ATP is made from

Answer 11

ADP and phosphate

Question 12

at the end of glycolysis, the carbon atoms present in the starting glucose molecule are in form of

Answer 12

two pyruvate molecules

Question 13

Suppose you discover conditions in which you could grow a eukaryotic cell that has no mitochondria. What properties might you expect to find in that cell?

Answer 13

it would not require oxygen to grow

Question 14

where in a cell are the enzymes that mediate glycolysis located?

Answer 14

cytoplasm

Question 15

what do yeast metabolize that leads to the production of carbon dioxide when bread rises?

Answer 15

protein and carbohydrates in the flour

Question 16

where in a cell are the enzymes that mediate the citric acid cycle located?

Answer 16

mitochondria

Question 17

following the citric acid cycle but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, most of the energy from the original glucose molecule is found in ______

Answer 17

NADH

Question 18

When fats are used as an energy source, the faux acids are broke down to acetyl-CoA. That means that fats bypass the reaction of _______ the reactions of __________ and enter the respiratory pathway at ________

Answer 18

glycolysis; the citric acid cycle

Question 19

Enzymes change the _____ of a reaction

Answer 19

rate

Question 20

enzymes in lysosomes have pH optimum that is lower than the enzymes in the soluble cytoplasm in your cell. Of what advantage could that be to a cell?

Answer 20

the enzyme would be inactive if lysosomal membranes broke in a cell and released the enzymes

Question 21

The electron transport chain is part of

Answer 21

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 22

the proteins of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are:

Answer 22

embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 23

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is

Answer 23

oxygen

Question 24

respiration depends on “chemiosmosis”. What does this mean?

Answer 24

Protons diffuse from a region of higher concentration (between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes) to a region of lower concentration (the mitochondria matrix) and turn the ATPsynthase molecule to phosphorylate ATP

Question 25

How does CO2 exit the mitochondrion

Answer 25

by diffusion across the inner and outer membrane lipid bilayers

Question 26

What is the difference between a hydrogen ion and a proton

Answer 26

there is no difference

Question 27

if oxygen is unavailable, predict what happens to the citric cid cycle

Answer 27

it stops because the supplies of NAD and FAD become depleted

Question 28

If gramicidin added to an actively respiring muscle cell, how would it affect the rate of electron transport, proton pumping, and ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 28

protons would diffuse back through the channel down their electrochemical gradient and the proton gradient would dissipate

Question 29

The liver cell in a animal have 24 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in the motile sperm of this animal

Answer 29

12

Question 30

During metaphase of meiosis 2

Answer 30

sister chromatids are linked by centromeres

Question 31

microtubules are responsible for pulling chromosomes to the spindle poles during meiosis and mitosis. If most microtubule assembly occurs at the kinetochore, with which end of a microtubule is the kinetochore associated?

Answer 31

the plus end

Question 32

Which of these structures break during the transition between metaphase and anaphase of meiosis 1

Answer 32

synaptonemal complexes

Question 33

during mitosis, at which stage in the cell cycle are two sister chromatids linked by a centromere

Answer 33

M phase

Question 34

Cdks are important in the regulation of the cell cycle. They carry out their function by

Answer 34

phosphorylating target proteins

Question 35

which major checkpoint delays the cell cycle when DNA replication is incomplete

Answer 35

G2 checkpoint

Question 36

Cyclins are important regulators of cell division. What kind of molecule is a “cyclin”

Answer 36

protein

Question 37

Cyclin-dependent kinases are present throughout the cel cycle. Why don’t they continuously stimulate cell division

Answer 37

Cdks are only active when cyclin molecules are synthesized during the cell cycle