Test 3 Flashcards
Definition of memory
The retention of info over time
Process of memory - encoding
Attention
Levels of processing
Process of memory - storage
Atkinson-shiffrin theory ( sensory, STM, LTM)
Process of memory - retrieval
Serial position effect
Encoding
The process by which info gets into memory storage
Attention (selective)
Attending to certain stimuli while ignoring other stimuli
Divided attention
Attending to several stimuli at the same time
Results in the poorest encoding
Sustained attention
Ability to maintain attention to a stimulus for a prolonged period of time
Storage (2)
How info is retained over time
How info is represented in memory
Storage (3) the Atkinson-shiffrin model of memory storage
3 memory storage systems
Sensory memory
Short term memory(STM)
Long term memory (LTM)
Sensory memory
Visual sensory memory: iconic memory
Auditory sensory memory: echoing memory
(Very large capacity and very short duration)
About 250 ms for the icon and 1-2 sec. for the echo
Sensory memory
Iconic memory: a fleeting sensory memory for visual images that lasts only a fraction of a second
Sensory mem continued
Sperling (1960)
Subjects viewed letter array for 1/20 of a second and then recalled letters and could only recall 3-4
When signaled after the presentation to only recall on row, they were able to recall any row
Suggested a large, quick capacity to sensory memory
Short term memory
Limited capacity- 7 plus or minus 2 chunks (millers magic number)
Chunk: a meaningful unit
Duration of a 20-30 sec., due to limited capacity &a interference
Long term memory(3)
Huge capacity
Potentially long duration ( decades)
Long term memory
(Explicit/ declarative)
The types of memory elicited through the conscious retrieval of recollections in response to direct questions
Long term memory
Implicit/ non declarative
a non conscious recollection of a prior experience that is revel indirectly, by its effects on performance
Explicit memory
Episodic
The retention of personal info about life’s events, autobiographical
Explicit memory
Semantic
General knowledge about facts
Implicit memory
Procedural
Memory for skills
Implicit (priming)
The activation of information that people already have in storage that is below conscious awareness
(Word stem completion)
Retrieval
The process by which info that was retained in memory is taken out of storage
Development
The pattern of change hat begins at conception and continues through the life cycle
Course Of prenatal development
The Germinal period
The embryonic period
The fetal period
Germinal period
Conception to day 14
The creation of the zygote, continues cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
Embryonic period
Occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception
Major organs develop
Most rapid changes occur in this stage
The fetal period
Months 2-9
Growth and finishing phase, rapid increase in size
Hazards of prenatal development
Teratogens: broad range of substances and conditions that may result in defects of the fetus
Which of the following substances has the most devastating effects on a developing fetus?
Cocaine
Visual preferences
1963 Robert Fantz discovered that infants look at different things for different lengths of time
Preferential looking technique
2 day old infants prefer to look at stimuli that resembles a human face
Infant reflexes
Sucking Rooting Grasping Stepping Moro (startle reflex)
Piagets theory of cognitive development
Children actively construct their knowledge of the world through their direct interactions with the physical world
Piagets theory
Sensorimotor stage
Infant gets understanding of world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions
Infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage
Key development- object permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight
Birth-2yrs
Piagets theory
Preoperational stage
Kid begins to represent world with words
Words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory info and physical action
Egocentrism: can’t differentiate own perspective from that of others
2-7 yrs
Piagets theory
concrete operational stage
The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets
Classification
Conservation
7-11 yrs
Piagets theory
formal operational stage
The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic and logical way
Hypothetical deductive reasoning
11-adulthood
Infant attachment theory
The close emotional bond between and infant and its care giver
Typically develops during first year of life
May provide important foundation for subsequent development
Harry Harlow infant attachment
Infant rhesus monkeys
Nourishment vs contact
Choose between 2 surrogate moms
Cold wire mom vs warm cloth mom
Infants chose warm cloth mom even when wire mom was only source of food
Contact comfort is critical to attachment
Mary ainsworth infant attachment
Strange situation
Studied& measured attachment Bx through the strange situation
Strange situation: explored how babies use their mothers as a base from which to explore and how they react to brief maternal separations and reunions
This 20 min social situation is a very powerful predictor of late behavioral and attachment patterns
Ainsworth attachment styles
Securely attached infants (70%)
Insecure- avoidant infants (15%)
Insecure- resistant infants (15%)
Securely attached infants
Use their mothers as a secure base from which to explore
When mom leaves room they become visible upset
When mom returns and when they are reassured they continue exploration
Avoidant infants (insecure)
Remain independent throughout strange situation
Rarely reference mom and do not become upset when she leaves
Resistant infants (insecure)
Little exploration
Clingy and preoccupied with mom
Become extremely upset when mom leaves and can’t be soothed upon return
Eriksons psychosocial development
Proposed 8 stages of psychosocial develop.
Positive res. Of each stage results in health psychosocial develop.
Resolution of earlier stages are carried into the later stages
Childhood
Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Adolescence
Identity vs identity confusion
Adulthood
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair
Trust bs mistrust
0- 1 1/2 yrs
Trusting infants (positive resolution) Trust develops when basic needs are consistently met
Mistrusting infants (negative resolution) Mistrust develops when basic needs are not consistently met
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
1 1/2-3
Autonomy (positive)
Develops when toddlers gains control over whole body
Shame/doubt (negative)
Develops when toddler can’t control body
Initiative vs guilt
3-5 yrs
Initiative ( positive)
Develops when child takes initiative and responsibly, sets goals
Guilt (negative)
Industry vs inferiority
6- puberty
Industry (pos)
Develops by mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, build, create, work esp in school setting
Inferiority (neg)
Develops when child feels that they cont do what other kids are doing, feeling of inadequacy
Identify formation vs confusion
Adolescence
Identity formation (pos) Develops by figuring out who you are and where you are going in life
Identity confusion (neg) Develops when we don't select an identity
Eriksons identity formation
Most well know and accepted of eriksons stages
In order to achieve identity, repudiation of choices is necessary ( psychosocial moratorium)
Psychosocial moratorium
Moratorium of youth: a time out period during adolescence in which we can experiment with several different identities without having to assume responsibility for the consequences of anyone (repudiation)
Intimacy vs isolation
Early adulthood
Intimacy (pos)
Develops by forming strong emotional, physical, and intellectual relationships with others
Isolation( neg)
Becoming socially isolated, fear of relationships
Generativity vs stagnation
Middle adulthood
Generativity (pos)
Feeling that you are making contributions to next generations (fam, work, community, society)
Stagnation (neg)
Feeling that you are giving nothing to previous generations
Ego integrity vs despair
Late adulthood
Ego integrity (pos) Feeling satisfied with your life's accomplishments and the decisions you've made
Ego despair (neg) Marked by regret and the feeling that bad choices were made along the way
Emotions
Affect
Feeling emotion
Body
Physiological reaction
Cognition
appraisal
James Lange theory of emotion
B➡️a
Physiological arousal occurs before emotion
Subjective emotion results from perception of boldly reactions
“I feel sad cuz I’m crying”
The cannon bard theory of emotion
The stimulus causes the arousal and emotion simultaneously
The singer- schacter two factor theory of emotion
B&c➡️a
Bodily changes and a cognitive label are needed to completely experience and emotion
To experience and emotion one must be physically aroused ( body) and cognitively label that arousal through environmental cues
The schacter- singer expiriment (1962)
Participants were given an injection of adrenaline and were then placed in a waiting room with either angry person or happy person
Subjects seemed to be most angry when placed in an angry setting similar findings for euphoria
Dutton &a Aron (1974)
The Lazarus theory of emotion
The cognitive appraisal occurs first and then leads the the emotional response (A) and physiological arousal simultaneously (B)
Facial feedback hypothesis
Movements of the face muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions
Expressions trigger emotional experiences
Facial feedback hypothesis
According to it feedback from the face muscles to the brain plays a key role in determining the nature and intensity of emotions that we experience
Emotions and the brain
Fear area of brain ➡️ amygdala
Sensory info is sent (via thalamus) to the amygdala ➡️ activates sympathetic response system
Then info is sent onto the cortex for interpretation
