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Test 3 Psych > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of memory

A

The retention of info over time

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2
Q

Process of memory - encoding

A

Attention

Levels of processing

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3
Q

Process of memory - storage

A

Atkinson-shiffrin theory ( sensory, STM, LTM)

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4
Q

Process of memory - retrieval

A

Serial position effect

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5
Q

Encoding

A

The process by which info gets into memory storage

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6
Q

Attention (selective)

A

Attending to certain stimuli while ignoring other stimuli

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7
Q

Divided attention

A

Attending to several stimuli at the same time

Results in the poorest encoding

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8
Q

Sustained attention

A

Ability to maintain attention to a stimulus for a prolonged period of time

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9
Q

Storage (2)

A

How info is retained over time

How info is represented in memory

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10
Q

Storage (3) the Atkinson-shiffrin model of memory storage

A

3 memory storage systems

Sensory memory
Short term memory(STM)
Long term memory (LTM)

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11
Q

Sensory memory

A

Visual sensory memory: iconic memory

Auditory sensory memory: echoing memory

(Very large capacity and very short duration)

About 250 ms for the icon and 1-2 sec. for the echo

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12
Q

Sensory memory

A

Iconic memory: a fleeting sensory memory for visual images that lasts only a fraction of a second

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13
Q

Sensory mem continued

A

Sperling (1960)

Subjects viewed letter array for 1/20 of a second and then recalled letters and could only recall 3-4

When signaled after the presentation to only recall on row, they were able to recall any row

Suggested a large, quick capacity to sensory memory

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14
Q

Short term memory

A

Limited capacity- 7 plus or minus 2 chunks (millers magic number)

Chunk: a meaningful unit

Duration of a 20-30 sec., due to limited capacity &a interference

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15
Q

Long term memory(3)

A

Huge capacity

Potentially long duration ( decades)

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16
Q

Long term memory

(Explicit/ declarative)

A

The types of memory elicited through the conscious retrieval of recollections in response to direct questions

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17
Q

Long term memory

Implicit/ non declarative

A

a non conscious recollection of a prior experience that is revel indirectly, by its effects on performance

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18
Q

Explicit memory

Episodic

A

The retention of personal info about life’s events, autobiographical

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19
Q

Explicit memory

Semantic

A

General knowledge about facts

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20
Q

Implicit memory

Procedural

A

Memory for skills

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21
Q

Implicit (priming)

A

The activation of information that people already have in storage that is below conscious awareness
(Word stem completion)

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22
Q

Retrieval

A

The process by which info that was retained in memory is taken out of storage

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23
Q

Development

A

The pattern of change hat begins at conception and continues through the life cycle

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24
Q

Course Of prenatal development

A

The Germinal period

The embryonic period

The fetal period

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25
Q

Germinal period

A

Conception to day 14

The creation of the zygote, continues cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

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26
Q

Embryonic period

A

Occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception

Major organs develop

Most rapid changes occur in this stage

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27
Q

The fetal period

A

Months 2-9

Growth and finishing phase, rapid increase in size

28
Q

Hazards of prenatal development

A

Teratogens: broad range of substances and conditions that may result in defects of the fetus

29
Q

Which of the following substances has the most devastating effects on a developing fetus?

A

Cocaine

30
Q

Visual preferences

A

1963 Robert Fantz discovered that infants look at different things for different lengths of time

Preferential looking technique

2 day old infants prefer to look at stimuli that resembles a human face

31
Q

Infant reflexes

A 
Sucking
Rooting
Grasping
Stepping
Moro (startle reflex)
32
Q

Piagets theory of cognitive development

A

Children actively construct their knowledge of the world through their direct interactions with the physical world

33
Q

Piagets theory

Sensorimotor stage

A

Infant gets understanding of world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions

Infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage

Key development- object permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight

Birth-2yrs

34
Q

Piagets theory

Preoperational stage

A

Kid begins to represent world with words

Words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory info and physical action

Egocentrism: can’t differentiate own perspective from that of others

2-7 yrs

35
Q

Piagets theory

concrete operational stage

A

The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets

Classification

Conservation

7-11 yrs

36
Q

Piagets theory

formal operational stage

A

The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic and logical way

Hypothetical deductive reasoning

11-adulthood

37
Q

Infant attachment theory

A

The close emotional bond between and infant and its care giver

Typically develops during first year of life

May provide important foundation for subsequent development

38
Q

Harry Harlow infant attachment

A

Infant rhesus monkeys

Nourishment vs contact

Choose between 2 surrogate moms
Cold wire mom vs warm cloth mom

Infants chose warm cloth mom even when wire mom was only source of food

Contact comfort is critical to attachment

39
Q

Mary ainsworth infant attachment

A

Strange situation
Studied& measured attachment Bx through the strange situation

Strange situation: explored how babies use their mothers as a base from which to explore and how they react to brief maternal separations and reunions

This 20 min social situation is a very powerful predictor of late behavioral and attachment patterns

40
Q

Ainsworth attachment styles

A

Securely attached infants (70%)

Insecure- avoidant infants (15%)

Insecure- resistant infants (15%)

41
Q

Securely attached infants

A

Use their mothers as a secure base from which to explore

When mom leaves room they become visible upset

When mom returns and when they are reassured they continue exploration

42
Q

Avoidant infants (insecure)

A

Remain independent throughout strange situation

Rarely reference mom and do not become upset when she leaves

43
Q

Resistant infants (insecure)

A

Little exploration

Clingy and preoccupied with mom

Become extremely upset when mom leaves and can’t be soothed upon return

44
Q

Eriksons psychosocial development

A

Proposed 8 stages of psychosocial develop.

Positive res. Of each stage results in health psychosocial develop.

Resolution of earlier stages are carried into the later stages

45
Q

Childhood

A

Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority

46
Q

Adolescence

A

Identity vs identity confusion

47
Q

Adulthood

A

Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair

48
Q

Trust bs mistrust

A

0- 1 1/2 yrs

Trusting infants (positive resolution)
Trust develops when basic needs are consistently met
Mistrusting infants (negative resolution)
Mistrust develops when basic needs are not consistently met
49
Q

Autonomy vs shame/doubt

A

1 1/2-3

Autonomy (positive)
Develops when toddlers gains control over whole body

Shame/doubt (negative)
Develops when toddler can’t control body

50
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

3-5 yrs

Initiative ( positive)
Develops when child takes initiative and responsibly, sets goals

Guilt (negative)

51
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A

6- puberty

Industry (pos)
Develops by mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, build, create, work esp in school setting

Inferiority (neg)
Develops when child feels that they cont do what other kids are doing, feeling of inadequacy

52
Q

Identify formation vs confusion

A

Adolescence

Identity formation (pos)
Develops by figuring out who you are and where you are going in life
Identity confusion (neg)
Develops when we don't select an identity
53
Q

Eriksons identity formation

A

Most well know and accepted of eriksons stages

In order to achieve identity, repudiation of choices is necessary ( psychosocial moratorium)

54
Q

Psychosocial moratorium

A

Moratorium of youth: a time out period during adolescence in which we can experiment with several different identities without having to assume responsibility for the consequences of anyone (repudiation)

55
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A

Early adulthood

Intimacy (pos)
Develops by forming strong emotional, physical, and intellectual relationships with others

Isolation( neg)
Becoming socially isolated, fear of relationships

56
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

Middle adulthood

Generativity (pos)
Feeling that you are making contributions to next generations (fam, work, community, society)

Stagnation (neg)
Feeling that you are giving nothing to previous generations

57
Q

Ego integrity vs despair

A

Late adulthood

Ego integrity (pos) 
Feeling satisfied with your life's accomplishments and the decisions you've made 
Ego despair (neg)
Marked by regret and the feeling that bad choices were made along the way
58
Q

Emotions

A

Affect
Feeling emotion

Body
Physiological reaction

Cognition
appraisal

59
Q

James Lange theory of emotion

A

B➡️a

Physiological arousal occurs before emotion

Subjective emotion results from perception of boldly reactions

“I feel sad cuz I’m crying”

60
Q

The cannon bard theory of emotion

A

The stimulus causes the arousal and emotion simultaneously

61
Q

The singer- schacter two factor theory of emotion

A

B&c➡️a

Bodily changes and a cognitive label are needed to completely experience and emotion

To experience and emotion one must be physically aroused ( body) and cognitively label that arousal through environmental cues

62
Q

The schacter- singer expiriment (1962)

A

Participants were given an injection of adrenaline and were then placed in a waiting room with either angry person or happy person

Subjects seemed to be most angry when placed in an angry setting similar findings for euphoria

Dutton &a Aron (1974)

63
Q

The Lazarus theory of emotion

A

The cognitive appraisal occurs first and then leads the the emotional response (A) and physiological arousal simultaneously (B)

64
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Movements of the face muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions

Expressions trigger emotional experiences

65
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

According to it feedback from the face muscles to the brain plays a key role in determining the nature and intensity of emotions that we experience

66
Q

Emotions and the brain

A

Fear area of brain ➡️ amygdala

Sensory info is sent (via thalamus) to the amygdala ➡️ activates sympathetic response system

Then info is sent onto the cortex for interpretation

Test 3 Psych (1 decks)

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