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microbio > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Vectors

A

“zoonosis”

  • disease of animals transmissible to humans
  • can be direct or indirect transmission
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2
Q

Reservoirs

A

Hold pathogen between infections

  • vectors, vehicles, and fomites can be reservoirs if pathogen survives in/on them and infects many individuals over time
  • carriers
  • always indirect because individuals are not sick
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3
Q

Direct transmission

A

Diseased and those they infect are in the same place at the same time
Must stay warm, if cook and dry no longer direct transmission
-touching
-respiratory droplets (if they remain suspended and moist)
-sexual contact
-bites (only if thing that bites you has the same disease that you get - pass same disease via bite)
-kissing
-fecal contact

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4
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Diseased not in the same place and time with those they infect
-vehicles, fomites, vectors

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5
Q

Vehicles

A

Anything taken into body voluntarily that pathogens can hitch a ride on

  • contaminated food, water, air (dust)
  • pathogens in dust use air to transport
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6
Q

Fomites

A

Inanimate objects

-fork, knife, spoon, table

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7
Q

Vectors

A 
Living organisms (not diseased) 
-mosquitos carrying Zika, flies, mites, ticks
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8
Q

Carriers

A

Ex. of reservoir
Asymptomatic infected individuals who infect many overtime
-transmit directly or indirectly
-“all carriers are reservoirs but not all reservoirs are carriers”

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9
Q

5 stages of disease

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal
  3. Acute
  4. Decline
  5. Convalescence
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10
Q

Incubation phase

A

No symptoms, pathogen is in body and growing, immune system hasn’t recognized pathogen yet
-can be used to determine when someone should come out of quarantine

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11
Q

Prodromal phase

A

First vague symptoms appear: fever, malaise, lack of appetite)

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12
Q

Acute phase

A

Recognizable, severe symptoms

-usually when diagnosis occurs

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13
Q

Decline phase

A

Pathogen and symptoms are “declining” recognizable symptoms are still there but become less severe or less frequent

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14
Q

Convalescence

A

Symptoms gone, strength/stamina diminished

-dont have specific symptoms, but have overall weakness

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15
Q

Acute disease

A
  • rapid onset (incubation and prodromal are short)
  • Severe symptoms - peak of cut period has characteristic “crisis point”
  • rapid recovery
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16
Q

Crisis point

A
  • point during acute disease where symptoms are the worst

- if an individual is going to die they are most likely to die during this phase

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17
Q

Chronic disease

A
  • delayed onset
  • less severe symptoms - no crisis point, gradual transition between acute and decline
  • prolonged recovery (ex. with tuberculosis, lungs will always be somewhat immunocompromised)
  • never leave convalescence stage
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18
Q

Primary disease

A
  • occurs in previously healthy individuals
  • can make someone sick even if you are not immunocompromised
  • ex. flu, strep
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19
Q

Secondary disease

A
  • “piggy back” another disease, due to immunocompromised host
    ex. flu (primary), pneumonia (secondary)
  • almost never occur on their own
  • could be same pathogen gaining strength or spreading to another location (sequelae)
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20
Q

Sequelae

A

Type of secondary disease
Same pathogen gaining strength or spreading to another location
ex. scarlet fever (strep with rash) - if strep is left untreated, makes toxin that causes rash, if still gone untreated can get in blood and infect heart and kidneys

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21
Q

Nosocomial infection

A
  • acquired in health care setting
  • 40% of hospital deaths are from nosocomial infections
  • ex. MRSA, VRE, C. Dif
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22
Q

Local infection

A

Pathogen remains at portal of entry

ex. strep, skin anthrax

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23
Q

Systemic infection

A

Spread throughout system or entire body

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24
Q

Septicemia

A 
Specific type of systemic 
blood infection (systemic infection involving the blood)
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25
Q

Bacteriocemia

A

Specific type of septicemia

Bacteria in blood

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26
Q

Viremia

A

Specific type of septicemia

Virus in the blood

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27
Q

Fungemia

A

Specific type of septicemia

Fungus in the blood ex. yeasts

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28
Q

Focal infections

A
  • internal site of further spread

- re-localization of widespread pathogen

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29
Q

Endemic

A

Disease that exists at stable, predictable levels

ex. common cold, chicken pox
- can be high or low incidence as long as numbers are steady

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30
Q

Epidemic

A

“outbreak”

  • high number of cases in one place at one time
    ex. TSS in women using super absorbent tampons
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31
Q

Pandemic

A

Global epidemic on 2 continents or more at the same time

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32
Q

Examples of specific secondary disease

A

Sequelae, nosocomial

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33
Q

Level 1 defense

A

Skin

  • non specific (helps protect against any pathogen)
  • non solicited (surfaces have these defenses in place 24/7, 365)
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34
Q

Level 2 defense

A

Within the wall defenses
-non specific, semi-solicited (defenses that are always present but change activity in response to pathogen ex. phagocytic WBS…there are always some in the blood but numbers increase when pathogen detected)

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35
Q

Level 3 defense

A

Final defenses (throughout)

  • specific (geared toward 1 protein in/on the pathogen)
  • solicited (only made when the pathogen is present)
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36
Q

Correct entry - pathogen attack

A
  • Portal and dose
  • Most have to come in the correct portal or else won’t cause disease
  • have to usually have multiple organisms to get sick
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37
Q

Pathogen physical weapons

A
  1. adhesion
  2. fimbrae
  3. capsules
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38
Q

Adhesion

A

viruses and bacteria

-ligands (adhesins)

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39
Q

Fimbrae

A

Fimbrae help with adhesion to linings

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40
Q

Capsules

A

adhesion, neutralize drugs, avoid phagocytosis, delay immune response to pathogen by masking bacteria surface

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41
Q

Chemical weapons bacteria use to attack your body

A

enzymes of pathogens that alter substrate in host tissue

toxins

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42
Q

How are flagella used to penetrate tissues

A

Flagella in combination with invasion to allow penetration into tissues
Allow bacteria to go right through the middle of the cell
ex. syphilis, borrelia
bacteria can go from local to septicemia to focal

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43
Q

Coagulase

A
  • Forms clots
  • Localizing enzyme - helps pathogen form local infection
  • can protect pathogen while it reproduces
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44
Q

(strepto) kinase

A
  • dissolves clots

- allows septicemia (spread into blood stream)

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45
Q

Hyaluronidase

A
  • digests hyaluronic acid “cell cement”

- allows bacteria to spread between cells

46
Q

Collagenase

A

-breaks down collagen
-works with hyaluronidase to spread into tissues
Benefit: avoids, WBC’s and dangerous chemicals even though is slower spread through adjacent tissues

47
Q

Leucocidin

A
  • kills white blood cells, causes them to take on water and die
  • contributes to pus formation
48
Q

M-protein

A
  • structural protein embedded in cell membrane

- prevents WBC’s from being able to grab and eat bacteria

49
Q

Hemolysins

A

Enzymes that selectively cause lysis of red blood cells

  • reduce O2 and increase CO2 for microaerophiles
  • release protein, iron for nutrients
50
Q

Digestive enzymes

A
  • pathogens use you for food

- proteases, lipases, amylases

51
Q

Toxins

A

Affect functionality of host tissue

-2 general categories: endo and exo

52
Q

Exotoxins

A
  • all proteins excreted from living cell (bacterial cell is still alive)
  • both Gr- and Gr+produce exotoxins
  • effects: specific cells/tissues
  • effects seen in acute phase
53
Q

Immune response to exotoxins

A

Antitoxins - antibodies produced by the body

54
Q

Toxoid

A

Production possible by denaturation, to be used as a vaccine
ex. tetanus shot is a toxoid

55
Q

Types of exotoxins

A
  1. cytotoxins
  2. enterotoxins
  3. neurotoxin
56
Q

Cytotoxins

A
  • directly kill cells
  • bind to any nearby cell membrane causing it to take on water and lyse
  • cause lesions
  • benefit to bacterium: nutrients from host cell
57
Q

Enterotoxins

A
  • affect digestive tract (usually intestines)
  • effect: fluid loss from cells and/or increased peristalsis
  • results: diarrhea, cramping, nausea
  • staph, cholera, e. coli, salmonella
  • benefit to bacterium: allows quick spreading of pathogen
58
Q

Neurotoxin

A

Affect nervous system

  1. botulism
  2. tetanus
59
Q

Botulism causes what type of paralysis

A

Flaccid

60
Q

Tetanus causes what type of paralysis

A

Rigid

61
Q

Mechanism of action of botulism toxin

A
  • prevents vesicles of NT from fusing with membrane and releasing NT
  • no muscle contraction occurs = flaccid paralysis
  • outbreak caused by: preformed toxin, in anaerobic conditions with a lot of protein: canned foods (beans)
  • symptoms: slurred speech, relaxed facial muscles, blurred vision
62
Q

Infant botulism

A

Caused by botulism spores, can colonize anaerobic pockets of intestines. Adult bodies have gut flora which can kill the spores whereas baby intestines are not fully colonized yet

63
Q

Botox

A

potent botulism toxin, injected into face to cause paralysis

64
Q

Mechanism of tetanus toxin

A
  • binds to nerve ending
  • prevents inhibitory neuron neurotransmitter release
  • muscles fail to relax = rigid paralysis
65
Q

What phase would the effects of exotoxins be seen?

A

Acute phase

66
Q

What phase would the effects of endotoxins be seen?

A

End of decline/maybe into convalescence

67
Q

Endotoxins

A
  • lipids - do not trigger specific immune response
  • –cannot be made into vaccines bc can’t be denatured! (no toxoid possible)
  • located in LPS layer of cell wall (only gr- have LPS layer)
  • produced by Gr- cells only
  • released only when the cell dies
  • systemic effect (widespread)
  • fever, inflammation, BP drop, shock, blood coagulation
68
Q

Viral cytopathic effects

A

Viral infected cell abnormalities visible through microscope biopsies/cultures
-may often be enough to be diagnostic

69
Q

Syncytium formation

A
  • CPE
  • Adjacent cells merge into a continuous mass
  • big blob of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei
70
Q

Multi-nucleated cells

A
  • CPE
  • cells contain more than 1 nucleus
  • when mitosis occurs without cytokinesis
    ex. herpes
71
Q

Inclusion bodies

A
  • CPE

- Clumps of host cell organelles, or viral products seen inside cells

72
Q

Nucleomegaly

A
  • CPE

- bigger nuclei inside cells

73
Q

Enlargement

A
  • CPE

- cells get significantly larger

74
Q

Rounding

A
  • CPE
  • cells go from flat to spherical, and turn lose from neighbors (disrupts protective layer)
  • effect that leaves you vulnerable to secondary infections
75
Q

Level 1 defense

A
  • found on the surface
  • non specific - help protect against any pathogen (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
  • non-solicited - surfaces have these defenses in place 24/7, 365 and don’t need to be triggered
76
Q

Level 2 defenses

A
  • beneath the surfaces
  • non specific
  • semi solicited - defenses that are always present but change activity in response to pathogen ex. phagocytic WBC’s (they are always in the blood but if a pathogen is detected more will be made)
77
Q

Level 1: skin defenses

A
  • close fitting cells - prevent bacteria from getting through
  • skin is dry - bacteria can’t grow well in dry conditions
  • keratin - prevents skin from tearing
  • salt and sebum - gets rid of bacteria via osmotic pressure and antibacterial oil respectively
  • lysozyme and defensins - antibacterial
  • epidermis and dermis - multilayered, a lot of layers for bacteria to get through
  • sloughing - old layers of skin falling off
  • normal flora - good bacteria that outcompete bad for food
  • hair - help protect surfaces like eyes
78
Q

Level 1: respiratory defenses

A
  • hair turbines
  • cough, sneeze reflexes
  • ciliary escalator
79
Q

Level 1: eyes

A
  • blinking reflex
  • eyelashes
  • tears
  • lysozyme in tears
  • saltiness of tears
80
Q

Level 1: mouth

A
  • lysozyme in saliva
  • digestive enzymes
  • normal flora
81
Q

Level 1 urinary tract: Male and F

A

-flushing of urine

82
Q

Level 1 reproductive tract F

A
  • low pH
  • ciliary escalator
  • vaginal normal flora
83
Q

Level 1: digestive tract

A
  • peristalsis
  • mucous (lysozyme)
  • normal lora
84
Q

Phagocytosis what level of defense?

A

Level 2

85
Q

Neutrophils

A

Carry out phagocytosis

-work in bloodstream and tissues

86
Q

Monocytes

A

Only called this when they are in the blood stream

-phagocytosis

87
Q

Macrophage

A

A monocyte that has moved into a tissue and differentiated.

-phagocytosis

88
Q

Kuppfer cells

A

Monocyte that has moved into a tissue and differentiated into a macrophage that has then differentiated into a liver macrophage
-phagocytosis

89
Q

Microglial cells

A

monocyte that has moved into a tissue and differentiated into a macrophage that has then differentiated into a brain tissue macrophage

  • only ones that have pseudopods
  • phagocytosis
90
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • phagocytosis
  • specialize in epithelial and endothelial
  • have long thin pseudopods
  • type of macrophage
  • protect coverings and linings
91
Q

What chemical weapon would allow the pathogen to enter the bloodstream and spread rapidly throughout the body?

A

(strepto) kinase

92
Q

What chemical weapon might allow a microaerophilic pathogen to adjust the body’s tissues to favor its reproduction?

A

Hemolysin – ruptures red blood cells to prevent the arrival of O2 and removal of CO2 in the tissues

93
Q

If Aubrey inhales bacteria, what hair-like structure might allow the pathogens to cling to her
respiratory mucosa?

A

Fimbrae

94
Q

Exotoxins are _____ molecules while endotoxins are _____

A

proteins; lipids

95
Q

What specific toxin type causes cell death and necrosis?

A

Cytotoxins

96
Q

All ____ are ____, but not all ____ are _____.

a. Septicemia, systemic diseases ; systemic diseases, septicemia
b. reservoirs, carriers ; carriers, reservoirs
c. secondary diseases, sequalae ; sequelae, secondary diseases
d. bacteremia, septicemia ; septicemia, bacteremia

A

a or d

97
Q

Scrub typhus is a disease normally seen in bats, but humans entering caves can become infected if they breathe in bacteria from the bats breath “misting” down as they fly overhead. The disease is said to be a(n)________, and the infection route would be: ________

A

Zoonosis, direct

98
Q

Antitoxins are _______, while toxoids are _____, but BOTH are ________.

a. Protein ; lipid ; toxins
b. Made in the body ; made in a laboratory ; able to prevent disease symptoms from occurring
c. Lipid ; protein ; endotoxins
d. Secreted ; a part of the bacterial cell wall ; found in response to endotoxins

A

B

99
Q

Adult botulism and infant botulism differ in that:

A

Adult botulism is a food intoxication, infant botulism is a food infection

100
Q

If the organism may exist harmlessly in the throat, but can become pathogenic when your immune system is lowered, what term describes the organism?

A

Opportunistic

101
Q

What virulence factor would be most likely to allow the bacteria to spread into the bloodstream?

A

Kinase

102
Q

What term SPECIFIC TIMING word describes the meningitis, following the earlier URI?

A

Sequelae

103
Q

What are the GENERAL and SPECIFIC terms for this virulence factor that is responsible for the life-threatening diarrhea seen in the disease?

A

enterotoxins and exotoxins

104
Q

If this human pathogen also causes disease in mammals in nature, what term describes this disease?

A

Zoonosis

105
Q

Severity and progression refer to

A

Acute v. chronic

106
Q

Timing refers to..

A

primary v secondary

specific secondary = sequelae, nosocomial

107
Q

Location refers to

A

Local v systemic v focal

  • spec. type of systemic = septicemia
  • –spec types of septicemia = bacteriemia, viremia, fungemia
108
Q

patterns in population refers to

A

endemic, pandemic, epidemic

109
Q

Steps in phagocytosis

A
  • WBC find target by taxis

- Pseudopods surround particle and secrete alert signal

110
Q

How do WBC’s find their target

A

Taxis

111
Q

All WBC’s must have

A

lysozyme, acids, superoxide, digestive enzymes

112
Q

Phagolysosome

A

Fusion of phagosome and lysosome

-digest material, or eject it

microbio (7 decks)

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