Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecological Community

A

The species that interact within a specific area

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2
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

members of the same species pursue limited resources

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3
Q

Interspecific competition

A

the interactions among different species as they compete for shared resources

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4
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

two species that directly compete for essential resources cannot coexist. Assumes that environmental conditions stay constant. (Gause)

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5
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

complete range of environmental conditions in which an organism can exist(Temperature, pH, material resources)

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6
Q

Realized Niche

A

species exists due to competition

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7
Q

Ecological Niche

A

The role an organism fills within its habitat. Division of resources. Potential competitors my coexist

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8
Q

Exploitation competition

A

One diner might outcompete the other by eating faster. (Consume resource faster) Growth rate of population of limiting resource is higher

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9
Q

Interference Competition

A

One diner might more food by threatening the other. (Stop competitor from consuming resource)

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10
Q

Carbohydrates are produced by ___

A

photosynthetic plants

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11
Q

Herbivores

A

Eat plants. Specialized digestive system

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12
Q

Coevolution

A

Tit-for-tat evolution of prey and the species that eat them

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13
Q

Predators

A

Hunt, kill, consume prey. Often population is limited by the availability of prey

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14
Q

Filter-feeding predators

A

use webs or netlike structures to capture their prey (whales, spiders)

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15
Q

Parasites

A

Depend on living host for nourishment

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16
Q

Vectors

A

organisms that carry the parasite but are unaffected by it

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17
Q

Spread of parasitic disease is governed by _____

A

Abundance of hosts / accessibility of hosts / transmission rate of parasites / length of life of an infected host

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18
Q

Abundance of hosts

A

as the number of individual hosts increases, the likelihood that a parasite will be transmitted also increases

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19
Q

Accessibility of hosts

A

the ability of parasites to locate and infect hosts is influenced by the diversity of the ecological community they live in

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20
Q

Length of life of an infected host

A

the longer an individual host lives with a parasite, the longer it can transmit it

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21
Q

Symbioses

A

intimate relationship between 2 species

22
Q

Mutualism

A

symbiotic relationship where both species benefit (figs and wasps)

23
Q

Commensalism

A

associations that only benefit one species, leaving the other species unaffected

24
Q

Energy flow

A

transfer and transformation of high-energy organic molecules

25
Organisms are classified by their____-
Tropic level (feeding level)
26
Primary Producers
lowest in the food web, transform energy from sunlight into carbohydrates
27
Decomposers
below primary producers. feed on nonliving matter. Much of the energy is consumed here
28
Primary consumers
second trophic level, herbivores that feed on primary producers
29
Secondary Consumers
third trophic level
30
Territory consumers
4th trophic level
31
Biomass energy
food that can be consumed by higher trophic level
32
only ____ % of energy available to next trophic level
>10%
33
Keystone species
important to the stability of many food webs. Many plants, some predators
34
Trophic cascade
Loss of carnivores results in explosion of herbivores that destroy primary producers
35
Gross primary production
total CO2 converted each year
36
Net primary production
organic carbon available to consumers
37
Net ecosystem production
net flu of carbon into an ecosystem
38
most carbon is stored in ______
biomass terrestrial (soil)
39
Aquatic and marine carbon
CO2 dissolves in oceans, lakes and rivers
40
Humans harvest ____ % of total NPP
32-40%
41
Ecological disturbances
loss of many or all species in community (Fires, hurricanes, volcanoes)
42
Ecological legacies
resources remaining after disturbance
43
Succession
pattern of change after disturbance
44
Primary Succession
when a disturbance has virtually removed all resources. Process can take millennia
45
Pattern of primary succession
pioneer species / facilitation / climax
46
Pioneer species
the earliest colonists after disturbance (lichen, mosses)
47
Facilitation
as plant species grow they may alter the environment around them to make it more habitat for other species
48
Climax
generation has become established
49
Secondary Secession
follows disturbances that peace significant legacy. Process 70-100 years
50
Cyclic Succession
succession may increase chances of disturbances