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test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 pulmonary functions?

A 
Oxygenate blood
Remove CO2 (most important)
Maintain pH
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2
Q

Dead space?

A

Volume of a breath that does not participate in gas exchange. Air that can’t be used. (VD)

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3
Q

Tidal Volume?

A

Amount of air that is inspired or expired in a normal breath. (VT)

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4
Q

Residual Volume?

A

Amount of air that is left in the lungs following a maximal exhilation. (RV)

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5
Q

Total lung capacity?

A

Greatest amount of air that can be contained in the lungs. (TLC)

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6
Q

Minute ventilation?

A

Volume of air expired by lungs each minute. (VE)

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7
Q

Ventilatory Equivalent?

A

How much you breathe to get one liter of O2 (VE/VO2) (VO2/VE)

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8
Q

What’s the composition of air?

A

Air: 21%O2, 79%N2, .04%CO2
Alveolar Air: 14%O2, 79%N2, 5.2%CO2
Expired Air: 16%O2, 79%N2, 4.5%CO2

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9
Q

How much oxygen is extracted from air?

A

7%

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10
Q

Dalton’s Law?

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts own pressure as if all other gases were not present.

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11
Q

Partial pressure?

A

Pressure of an individual gas. (p)

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12
Q

What stimulates breathing?

A

CO2 and H+ (more acidic) build up

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13
Q

RER?

A

VCO2/VO2

CO2 given off, O2 consumed

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14
Q

Factor increasing breathing rate

A

emotional anxiety
temperature increase
drop in blood pressure

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15
Q

Factors of apnea or cessation of breathing

A

sudden plunge into cold water
sudden pain
irritation of airway

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16
Q

Acidosis?

A

Below 7.4pH (more acidic)

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17
Q

Alkalosis?

A

Above 7.4pH (more basic)

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18
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase?

A

CO2+H20 – carbonic anhydrase–> H2CO3—>HCO3+H

Forward: To the muscles (increase CO2, more acidic)
Backwards: To the lungs (More acidic, Increase pCO2)

H2CO3- Carbonic acid
HCO3- Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)

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19
Q

Systole?

A

Part of the cycle when the myocardium is contracting. (Ejection phase)

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20
Q

Diastole?

A

Part of the cycle when the myocardium is relaxing. (Filling phase)

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21
Q

Factors controlling Heart rate (beats/min) ?

A

(I) >Bainbridge reflex (Atrial stretch reflex) - HR increases, Minute ventilation increase, Urinary output increases

(E) >Parasympathetic (vagus) - Reduces HR (acetylcholine)

(E) >Sympathetic (cardiac accelerator) - Increases HR (catecholamines)

(E) >Catecholamines - epinephrine increase HR

(E) >Drugs - Parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitter mimickers and blockers

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22
Q

Preload?

A

(EDV, Frank starling mechanism)

Pre stretch of the left ventricle, start off short and stretch to optimal length, volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.

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23
Q

Factor of preload?

A

> Venous return - Posture, Venous tone, Muscle pump, Cyclic changes in intrathoracic pressure.

> Blood volume

> Heart (ventricular) volume

> Atrial Priming (atrial contribution)

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24
Q

Distensibility?

A

Capacity of the heart to be stretched. (How well it can stretch)

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25
Factors of distensibility?
>Resting sarcomere length >Relaxation state >Connective tissue >Scar tissue >Covering tissue mass >Thoracic room
26
Contractility (need blood volume) ?
Cardiac muscle force of contraction (i.e. # of cross bridge attachments) independent of sarcomere length. (more force produced from heart)
27
Factors of contractility?
>Muscle mass >Ca++ >Sympathetic >Parasympathetic >Catecholamines >Drugs - (Digitalis - increase Ca++ into the heart) >Metabolic end products - Build up of metabolic end products and/or slow ATP resynthesis. (build up of ADP and Pi)
28
Afterload (diastolic BP) ?
Amount of pressure on the systemic side of the semilunar valve which must be overcome to open that valve. (more pressure the heart has to work harder against to get blood out)
29
Factors of afterload?
>Sympathetic >Parasympathetic >Catecholamines >Drugs >Anatomical impedance >Intrathoracic pressure
30
Stroke volume (L/beat) ?
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during contraction; (EDV-ESV) ; how much blood pumped per beat
31
Baroreceptors?
Located within the Aorta and carotid arteries that is sensitive to stretches in the arterial walls (senses changes in blood pressure). Regulates BP by altering cardiac output.
32
Chemoreceptors?
Located in the CNS, blood vessels and skeletal muscles that senses changes in CO2, pH, K+. Increases cardiac output, blood flow and BP indirectly.
33
Mechanoreceptors?
Located in heart and skeletal muscle that senses to movement/stretch of muscles. Increases in cardiac output and indirectly increases blood flow and BP.
34
Hormones regulating blood pressure?
>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - (angiotensin II - systemic vasoconstriction and releases aldosterone) >Catecholamines >Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) >Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
35
Why does blood flow occur?
Changes in pressure and resistance
36
What is the most important cause of changes in blood flow?
Small change in radius causes a large change in flow. | Shifts in blood flow are primarily controlled by changing vessel diameter. (most important vessel radius)
37
Levels of blood flow control?
1> The function of catecholamines. Alpha receptors- (veins) vasoconstriction, sensitive to norepinephrine Beta receptors- (arteries) vasodilation, sensitive to epinephrine 2> Level of the small arteries and arterioles. Sensitive to CO2, H+, lactate, NH3, nitric oxide and heat. 3> Pre-capillary spinchters
38
Blood pressure is controlled by?
Blood pressure=(SBP) blood volume x wall stiffness(DBP) / Vessel diameter (DBP)
39
Fick equation?
Used to determine how a person's cardiovascular and metabolic systems are handling a given work load. VO2=HR x SV x a-VO2 difference
40
a-VO2 difference?
The difference between the O2 in the arteries and the O2 in the veins.
41
Factors that influence a-VO2 difference?
>Oxygen transport Hemoglobin concentration Dissolved O2 in the blood >Oxygen availability Hemoglobin: O2 affinity Myoglobin concentration >Oxygen utilization mitochondria size and number
42
How much oxygen is transported in the blood?
>Oxyhemoglobin contains 98.5% chemically combined in hemoglobin and oxygen in the red blood cells >Oxygen does not dissolve easily in water only 1.5% transported dissolved in blood.
43
Bohr effect?
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen changes with changes in the body.
44
Factors of Bohr effect?
> pH >CO2 >temperature >CO (carbon monoxide)
45
Carbon monoxide levels increase?
Less O2 released , CO2 build up, more O2 affinity
46
As temperature increases?
More O2 released, less affinity
47
As PCO2 rises, O2?
O2 released easier, less affinity
48
As acidity increases?
O2 affinity for hb decreases
49
What happens when exercise intensity is greater than 40% of VO2 max
SV reaches its max
50
As body temp. increases
The hypothalamus causes further stimulation
51
Vasconstriction occurs
Viscera and veins
52
What cause minute ventilation to increase?
Temperature CO2 decreases in pH Catecholamines
53
Inflation reflex
Big deep breaths activates stretch receptors and produces urge to exhale
54
Why is the HR higher with one-leg as compared to 2-leg cycling even though the work load is the same?
More work being done to less blood coming back to the heart
55
Why is MAP higher with arms compared to legs?
Less muscle in the arms due to that they have to work harder.
56
How much diastole we used at rest
2/3
57
Oxygen dissociation curve
Related to oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen. Determined by hemoglobin affinity to oxygen.
58
Ventilatory equivalent relation to intensity?
As intensity increases, Ventilatory equivalent increases Rest: 20:1 Work: 30:1
59
Strongest controller of Ventilatory equivalent?
CO2
60
MAP?
Mean Arterial Pressure- Average blood pressure values (at rest)
61
Ventilatory equivalent relation to pH?
Decrease ventilatory equivalent, more basic (rest) Increase ventilatory equivalent, more acidic (exercise)
62
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors of heart rate (beats/min) ?
Intrinsic (from within): Bainbridge reflex (atrial stretch reflex) Extrinsic (from without): Parasympathetic, sympathetic, catecholamines, drugs
63
Chemicals which ensure that blood gets to the working muscle cells
``` >CO2 >H+ >Nitric oxide >Lactate >NH3 >Catecholamines ```
64
Ejection fraction formula?
Volume of blood ejected / Total volume of blood in the ventricles
65
Pulse Pressure
SBP-DBP

Cardiorespiratory (1 decks)

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