Test 3 Flashcards
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Screening
Inherited blood disorder, left untreated can cause mental retardation
Complications associated with phlebotomy
Hematoma
Hemoconcentration
Hematoma
Blood that has accumulated in the tissue surrounding the vein either caused by a needle going through the vein or failure to apply enough pressure after the needle is withdrawn
Hemoconcentration
Increase in proportion of formed elements to plasma caused by the tourniquet being left on too long (more than 2 minutes)
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein as a result of repeated vein punctures of that vein
Petechia
Tiny non-raised red spots on the skin from rupturing of the capillaries tourniquet being left on too long or too tight
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein with the formation of a clot
Hemostasis
Process by which blood vessels are repaired after injury, there are four stages
Vascular phase
Platelets phase
Coagulation phase
Fibrinolysis
Vascular phase
stage 1 of Hemostasis
Injury to blood vessel causes constriction and slowing of blood flow
Platelets phase
Second stage of Hemostasis
Temporary platelet plug is formed
Coagulation phase
Third stage of Hemostasis
The platelets form a stable fibrin clot
Fibrinolysis
Stage four of Hemostasis
Breakdown and removal of the clot
Hematology section
Study of the blood
Section where formed elements of the blood are studied by classifying the RBCs WBCs and platelets. Most common specimen analyzed is whole blood and usually collected in ____ top tube.
Clinical Laboratory Section /
Lavender
Section were Hemostasis is evaluated. Plasma is usually the specimen analyzed drawn from blood collected in the ____ top tube with the anticoagulant sodium citrate. The tube must be inverted ___ times.
Clinical Laboratory Section /
Light Blue
Four
Most automated section in the laboratory. Divided into ___ areas.
Chemistry Section /
Seven
Electrophoresis
Analyzes chemical components of blood
Toxicology
Analyzes plasma levels of drugs and poisons
Immunochemistry
Uses techniques such as immunoassay and enzyme immunoassay to detect and measure substances such as hormones, enzymes and drugs
Liver profile
Test may include ALP, AST, ALT, GGT and bilirubin coronary risk profile. Test may include cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL
Blood Bank Section
Blood is collected, stored and prepared for transfusion. Strict procedures for patient ID and specimen handling is a must to ensure patient safety
Serology (Immunology)
Performs tests to elevate the patients immune response through the production of antibodies. Analyzes presence of antibodies to bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and antibodies against the body’s own substances (autoimmunity)
Responsible for detection of pathogenic microorganisms. Primary test performed is culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Microbiology Section
Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)
Helps determine causative microorganisms and the most sensitive antibiotic to fight the microorganism.
Used to diagnose the cause of a patients fever of unknown origin.
Results of a C&S is usually available within ____ .
24-48 hours
Cultures for TB and fungi are usually available ____ .
Within several weeks
Tests urine to detect disorders and infection of a kidney and urinary tract and to detect metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus.
Urinalysis Section
Urinalysis has three components
Physical
Chemical
Microscopic
Physical component of urinalysis
Evaluates color, clarity and specific gravity
Chemical components of urinalysis
Determines RH, Glucose, ketones, protein, blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen nitrates and leukocytes
Microscopic component of urinalysis
Identifies presence of casts bacteria, yeast and parasites
Preferred site of the upper extremities for venipuncture
Antecubital Fossa
Three major veins in the Antecubital Fossa
Median Cubital Vein
Cephalical Vein
Basilic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
Vein of choice, large does not tend to move or roll
Cephalical Vein
Second vein of choice, usually more difficult to locate, moves often, is the only vein that can be palpated (felt) in the obese patient
Basilic Vein
Third choice, least firmly anchored, located near the brachial artery. If the needle is inserted in too deep this artery may be punctured
Veins unsuitable for venipuncture
Sclerosed Veins
Thrombotic Veins
Tortuous Veins
Sclerosed Veins
Hard or Cordlike veins. Can be caused by disease, inflammation, chemotherapy or repeated venipunctures
Thrombotic Veins
Veins that have clots inside them
Tortuous Veins
Winding chocked veins. Susceptible to infection. Since blood flow is impaired the specimen collection may produce false test results
Do not draw blood from _______ .
An arm with IV fluids running into it. The fluid will alter test results.
An artificial A-V Fistula site such as those surgically implanted in dialysis patients
Septicemia
Systemic infection caused by pathogenic organisms introduced during venipuncture
Trauma
Injury to underlying tissues caused by probing of the needle
Factors to consider before performing venipuncture:
Fasting
Edema
Fistula
