Test 3 Flashcards
long term outcomes of alcohol consumption
health problems: liver failure, alcohol dependence, heart disease
short term outcomes of alcohol consumption
impairment problems such as mental impairment and physical impairment
define standard drink
what your body can metabolize in one hour.
contains .5 ounces of pure alcohol
examples of standard drinks
12 oz. of beer, 4 oz. of wine, 1.5 oz. of liquor (80 proof)
define non-standard drink
an alcoholic beverage that surpasses the standard amount of alcohol your body can metabolize in one hour, or is immeasurable
examples of non-standard drink
jungle juice, full solo cup of beer or wine, mixed drink, malt liquor
low risk drinking behavior guidelines
no more than 1 drink per hour
no more than 2 drinks per day
no more than 3 drinks on an occasion (does not exceed 3 drinks in a day)
total number of drinks does not exceed 14 per week
define high risk drinking
any drinking behaviors that surpass the low-risk guidelines listed
choice vs. biology
choice: power to control, modifiable
biology: can’t control, non-modifiable
define tolerance
tolerance is the measure of impairment when someone uses alcohol. impairment is how the brain is affected by alcohol and the ability for the brain to react and think. impairments are mental and physical
initial tolerance is set by _______.
biology
trigger level is ____ and set by ____.
predetermined, biology
does trigger level change with alcohol consumption?
no
what is an example of a factor that influences trigger level?
family history, alcohol dependence
trigger level is a ____ risk.
biological, they have complete control over the choices they make
define stress
stress is the collective physiological and emotional response to any stimulus that disturbs an individuals homeostasis
define stressor
any physical or psychological event or condition that produces a stress
define stress response
the physiological changes associated with stress
examples of environmental stress
hot, cold, crowding, noise
examples of physiological stress
physical activity, drugs, injury, illness
examples of emotional stress
life-changing events, family illness, problems at work, increased responsibility
examples of college specific
social, financial, academic
examples of responses to physiological stress
HR, BP, respiration, illness, headaches, injury, GI problems
examples of responses to cognitive stress
decrease in concentration, attention span, and memory
examples of responses to emotional stress
anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue, impulsiveness
the nervous system consists of the ___, ____, and ______.
brain, spinal cord and nerves
define the automatic nervous system
the branch of the nervous system that contains the basic body process, both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
define the sympathetic division
the division of the automatic nervous system that reacts to danger or other challenges by accelerating body processes
neurotransmitters- norepinephrine
define the parasympathetic division
the division of the automatic nervous system that moderates the excitatory effect of the sympathetic division by slowing things down
what two systems control the stress response?
nervous system and the endocrine system
define the endocrine system
it consists of glands, tissue, and cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream and influences metabolism and body processess
what are the key chemical messengers or hormones involved in the endocrine system?
norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, and endorphins
define norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic division to increase body functions, increases attention, awareness, and alertness
define epinephrine
a hormone secreted by the inner core of the adrenal gland also known as adrenalin, also increases attention, awareness, and alertness
define cortisol
a steroid hormone secreted by the outer layer of the adrenal gland
define endorphines
brain secretions that have pain-inhibiting effects, natural opiates
theory on human reactions to stress
stress mobilizes body’s resources to react to stressors
Lead to increase in sympathetic nervous system
lead to increased secretions by endocrine system
Response is the same regardless of the stressor
Parasympathic ideally brings you back down to homeostasis
5 categories of stress
acute time limited stressors, brief naturalistic stress, stress event sequence, chronic stressors, distant stressors
acute time limited stress (of the 5 categories)
(Everyday stress)
giving a talk without much notice, solving a problem that needs immediate attention, being stuck by the train before class
brief naturalistic stress (of 5 categories)
huge project coming up, taking a final, driving through a lasting snow storm, relationship problem or situation from weekend
stress event sequence (of 5 categories)
as they are going through it they know the stress will end some day
EX: death of a friend of family member, Katrina Event, Sandy, getting life back together
Chronic stressors (of 5 categories)
Everyday stress- do not know when these forms of stress will come to an end
EX: raising a child with a disability, caring for parents, long term financial stress
Distant stressors (of 5 categories)
traumatic event in our lives that will not go away. Continue to haunt us in our lives.
EX: abuse as a child, war experience, abandonment
define the somatic nervous system
what manages our conscious actions, entirely under our control.
explain The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS(
GAS is a predictable response patter to all stressors.
follows 3 stages:
1. Alarm: fight or flight stage
2. Resistance: coping stange
3. Exhaustion: life threatening breakdown stage
define eustress
optimal amount of stress (good)
define hardness *
a form od optimism, ability to cope and see stress as a challenge or a time to learn and grow
somebody who sees stress as a challenge and takes it as a learning experience
personality trait: Type A
higher perceived stress level and more problems coping (very competitive)
personality trait: Type B
less frustrated by daily events and more tolerant- doesn’t really bother them, just lets it go
personality trait: Type c
suppression of anger, difficulty expressing emotions - like a balloon
Behavioral responses are controlled by the ________________, which manages our conscious actions under our control
somatic nervous system
define allostatic load
the long-term negative impact of the stress response on the body, especially long-term exposure to stress hormones like cortisol
define Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
the study of the interactions among the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system to stress responses
Define Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
disease of the
heart and blood vessels
Type I Diabetes (juvenile onset, insulin-dependent)
genetic: Pancreas fails to produce insulin ◦ Usual onset before age 30 ◦ About 5% of all diabetics are Type I
Type II Diabetes (non-insulin dependent)
controllable, usually a result of obesity: Once called adult onset, but there has been a
rise in the prevalence in children
◦ Lack of sensitivity to insulin and/or not enough insulin
◦ Often caused by obesity ◦ ~95% of diabetics are Type II
activity reduced risk of type I diabetes by:
Reduces disease risk ◦ Increases quality of life
activity reduced risk of type II diabetes by:
Decrease insulin resistance ◦ Improve insulin sensitivity ◦ Improved ability to clear sugar from blood ◦ Reduced fatness
define osteoporosis
Progressive loss of bone mineral
density. DUE to factors such as: Physical inactivity ◦ Loss of sex hormones ◦ Low calcium levels ◦ High protein intake ◦ Smoking ◦ Caffeine
activity reduces risk of osteoporosis by:
Increases peak bone mass Slows decline in bone mass 5 risk factors for osteoporosis
define cancer:
abnormal, uncontrolled growth of
cells.
Cancer is the second most common cause of death,
after heart disease
◦ Responsible for 1:4 deaths in the United States
define what a tumor (neoplasm) is:
a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
A benign tumor is:
composed of cells that are
enclosed, preventing them from spreading to other tissues
A malignant tumor is:
cancerous and capable of spreading
define metastasis:
the spread of cancer cells
from one part of the body to another
They break away and can pass through:
Blood vessels Lymphatic system
A carcinogen is:
any substance that causes cancer. EX: tobacco
controllable risk factors for cardiovascular disease:
tobacco use, high blood pressure
( hypertension) , unhealthy cholesterol levels (HDLs versus LDLs), physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes
uncontrollable risk factors for cardiovascular disease:
heredity, aging being male (face higher risk, especially earlier in life), ethnicity (african americans have higher rates of hypertension and stroke).
Lung Cancer is:
the most common cause of cancer death in the United States
the chief risk factor of lung cancer is:
smoking (accounts for 87% of lung cancer deaths)
define LDLs
Low density lipoprotein:
define HDLs
high density lipoprotein:
contributing risk factors of cardiovascular disease that can be changed:
High Triglyceride Levels Psychological and Social Factors such as:
Stress Chronic hostility and anger Suppressing psychological distress Depression and anxiety Social isolation Low socioeconomic status
Alcohol and Drugs
colon and rectal cancer also known as colorectal cancer is:
the third leading cancer death cause
Polyps are:
mall growths, develop and cause bleeding from the rectum, which is a strong warning sign
breast cancer is the ______ common cancer in women
most
risk factors of breast cancer include:
Genetic factors ◦ Early-onset menstruation ◦ Having no children or having the first one after age 30 ◦ Currently using HRT (hormone replacement therapy) ◦ Obesity ◦ Alcohol consumption
Prostate cancer is:
the most common cancer in men and second to lung cancer in the number of cancer deaths among men
risk factors of prostate cancer include:
Age (strongest predictor) ◦ African American ethnicity ◦ Heredity ◦ Lifestyle factors
Diet may be an important factor of preventing this cancer
causes of cancer include:
DNS, inactivity and obesity, dietary factors, and Carcinogens in the Environment ( radiation, chemicals, pollutants)
Fraud
intentional perversion of the truth for gain
quackery
promotion of health schemes that are false, unproven, and even dangerous
define supplement
a highly defined dietary ingredient that would not be confused with food: ingredients may include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, ect.
In forms of pills, powders, liqueds, etc.
