Test 3

Question 1

What is staining

Answer 1

simply adds color to a cell so that it contrasts with its background

Question 2

Dyes

Answer 2

• Have color
• Can stain by transferring their colors
• Permanently stain but may also not stick at all
• Are chemicals in-Liquid or solid powder states
• Have the “chemical” properties of a salt: dye is formed when an acid reacts with a base.

Question 3

Salt

Answer 3

The two ions of a salt come from an acid and a base. The Positively-charged Cation (+) from the base, and Negatively-charged Anion (–)from the acid have opposite charges that attract and react with each other to form new compounds.

Question 4

A salt can only be a dye if:

Answer 4

its ions has color.

Question 5

Chromophore

Answer 5

colored ion of a dye

Question 6

Acidic dyes

Answer 6

Have negatively-charged Chromophores that do not stain cells.
Used for Negative Staining by coloring the background to contrast with the clear specimen.
Acidic dye: Nigrosin.

Question 7

BASIC dyes

Answer 7

Methylene Blue 
Safranin
Crystal Violet 
Malachite Green
Carbol Fuchsin

Question 8

Neutral Dye

Answer 8

Rarely used because they do not produce the desired contrast between a specimen and its background.
Gets color from both Cation and Anion

Question 9

Simple Staining

Answer 9

Shows the colored specimen against a clear background.
Colors them alike with a single dye.
Not a decision-making technique.
Compares cells by physical charact:shape, size, arrgent, and texture.

Question 10

Differential Staining

Answer 10

Emphasizes bacterial diversity with color, using 2 dyes, which are Basic with contrasting colors, to stain bacteria differently.
Uses its unique pair of basic dyes, but the process is similar.

Question 11

Gram stain dyes:

Answer 11

Crystal Violet(+) 1Stain
Iodine as mordant
Safranin(–) Counter Stain

Question 12

The 6 Kingdom Names:

Answer 12

Eubacteria
Archea
Fungi
Protista
Plantae
Animalia

Question 13

Eubacteria

Answer 13

• Called Bacteria
• Unicellular Prokaryotes with cell wall.
• Only Kingdom with Peptidoglycan in cell wall.
• Peptidoglycan is Protein and Disaccharide Sugars. *Typically 1-10 um long
• Shapes: Coccus, Bacillus, Coccobacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum, or Spirochete
• Arranged: Single-, Diplo-, Strepto-, Tetrad, Sarcina, or Staphylococcus
• Bulk of common disease-causing microbes.

Question 14

Archaea

Answer 14

Almost Identical to Eubacteria:
*Microsc Prokaryotic, Unicell, Microorganisms,
Cell has a Cell wall.
However:
*Cell wall have no Peptidoglycan.
*Cell has Proteins and Polysaccharides.
*Live in extreme places not suitable for most life.

Question 15

Fungi

Answer 15

• 1 of 4 Euk- Kingdoms in Domain: Eukarya
• Heterotrophs that cannot carry out photosynthesis
• Eukaryotic w/ cell walls *Unlike plants, cell walls contain Chitin.
• Many are microorganisms and microscopic.
• Unicellular Fungi =Yeasts
• Multicellr Fungi=Molds.
• Multicellular types have functional tissues and organs.
• Commonly cause food Spoilage and decomp.

Question 16

Protista

Answer 16

*2 of 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms Grouped as Eukarya
*Mostly microscopic,some are large
*‘junkyard’ of simple organisms that are:
*Microscopic but not prokaryotes;
*Eukaryotes but not Animals, Plants, or Fungi. *Both Unicellular & Multicellular forms.
*Multicellular forms are simple without tissues or organs.
*Some have cell wall that contain Cellulose, like plants;
*Others are animal-like, but unicellular, & no cell wall.
*Some are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs.
*Unicellular Animal-like Protista are Protozoa; without a cell wall, membrane forms a skin-like ‘Pellicle’.
*Plant-like photosynthetic types are Algae; cell walls
may contain cellulose or silica for unicellular types.
*Fungal-like Protista are unicellular Slime molds;
cells are called
‘Coenocytes’ when contain multiple nuclei.

Question 17

Plantae

Answer 17

• 3 of 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms in Domain: Eukarya
• They are not microorganisms or microscopic.
• All are Multicellular and Eukaryotic
• All are Complex Multicellular organisms
• The Cells are organized into tissues and organs.
• The cells have cell walls, which contain Cellulose.
• All are autotrophs and can carry out photosynthesis
• Chloroplast is key cell organelle used for photosynthesis.

Question 18

Animalia

Answer 18

• Final of 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms in Domain: Eukarya
• All are Multicellular and not microorganisms.
• They have Eukaryotic cells but do not have Cell walls.
• Their cells do not contain Chloroplast
• Therefore, they cannot carry out photosynthesis.
• Nutritionally, they are Heterotrophs.
• They are complex multicellular organisms.
• The cells are organized into tissues and organs.
• Generally motile.