Test 3 Flashcards
What is staining
simply adds color to a cell so that it contrasts with its background
Dyes
- Have color
- Can stain by transferring their colors
- Permanently stain but may also not stick at all
- Are chemicals in-Liquid or solid powder states
- Have the “chemical” properties of a salt: dye is formed when an acid reacts with a base.
Salt
The two ions of a salt come from an acid and a base. The Positively-charged Cation (+) from the base, and Negatively-charged Anion (–)from the acid have opposite charges that attract and react with each other to form new compounds.
A salt can only be a dye if:
its ions has color.
Chromophore
colored ion of a dye
Acidic dyes
Have negatively-charged Chromophores that do not stain cells.
Used for Negative Staining by coloring the background to contrast with the clear specimen.
Acidic dye: Nigrosin.
BASIC dyes
Methylene Blue Safranin Crystal Violet Malachite Green Carbol Fuchsin
Neutral Dye
Rarely used because they do not produce the desired contrast between a specimen and its background.
Gets color from both Cation and Anion
Simple Staining
Shows the colored specimen against a clear background.
Colors them alike with a single dye.
Not a decision-making technique.
Compares cells by physical charact:shape, size, arrgent, and texture.
Differential Staining
Emphasizes bacterial diversity with color, using 2 dyes, which are Basic with contrasting colors, to stain bacteria differently.
Uses its unique pair of basic dyes, but the process is similar.
Gram stain dyes:
Crystal Violet(+) 1Stain
Iodine as mordant
Safranin(–) Counter Stain
The 6 Kingdom Names:
Eubacteria Archea Fungi Protista Plantae Animalia
Eubacteria
- Called Bacteria
- Unicellular Prokaryotes with cell wall.
- Only Kingdom with Peptidoglycan in cell wall.
- Peptidoglycan is Protein and Disaccharide Sugars. *Typically 1-10 um long
- Shapes: Coccus, Bacillus, Coccobacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum, or Spirochete
- Arranged: Single-, Diplo-, Strepto-, Tetrad, Sarcina, or Staphylococcus
- Bulk of common disease-causing microbes.
Archaea
Almost Identical to Eubacteria:
*Microsc Prokaryotic, Unicell, Microorganisms,
Cell has a Cell wall.
However:
*Cell wall have no Peptidoglycan.
*Cell has Proteins and Polysaccharides.
*Live in extreme places not suitable for most life.
Fungi
- 1 of 4 Euk- Kingdoms in Domain: Eukarya
- Heterotrophs that cannot carry out photosynthesis
- Eukaryotic w/ cell walls *Unlike plants, cell walls contain Chitin.
- Many are microorganisms and microscopic.
- Unicellular Fungi =Yeasts
- Multicellr Fungi=Molds.
- Multicellular types have functional tissues and organs.
- Commonly cause food Spoilage and decomp.
Protista
*2 of 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms Grouped as Eukarya
*Mostly microscopic,some are large
*‘junkyard’ of simple organisms that are:
*Microscopic but not prokaryotes;
*Eukaryotes but not Animals, Plants, or Fungi. *Both Unicellular & Multicellular forms.
*Multicellular forms are simple without tissues or organs.
*Some have cell wall that contain Cellulose, like plants;
*Others are animal-like, but unicellular, & no cell wall.
*Some are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs.
*Unicellular Animal-like Protista are Protozoa; without a cell wall, membrane forms a skin-like ‘Pellicle’.
*Plant-like photosynthetic types are Algae; cell walls
may contain cellulose or silica for unicellular types.
*Fungal-like Protista are unicellular Slime molds;
cells are called
‘Coenocytes’ when contain multiple nuclei.
Plantae
- 3 of 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms in Domain: Eukarya
- They are not microorganisms or microscopic.
- All are Multicellular and Eukaryotic
- All are Complex Multicellular organisms
- The Cells are organized into tissues and organs.
- The cells have cell walls, which contain Cellulose.
- All are autotrophs and can carry out photosynthesis
- Chloroplast is key cell organelle used for photosynthesis.
Animalia
- Final of 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms in Domain: Eukarya
- All are Multicellular and not microorganisms.
- They have Eukaryotic cells but do not have Cell walls.
- Their cells do not contain Chloroplast
- Therefore, they cannot carry out photosynthesis.
- Nutritionally, they are Heterotrophs.
- They are complex multicellular organisms.
- The cells are organized into tissues and organs.
- Generally motile.
