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psychology 230 > Test 3? > Flashcards

Test 3? Flashcards

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1
Q

in psychology what does idiographic describe

A

the study of the individual who is seen as a unique agent with unique life history

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2
Q

what is the common method to study these unique characteristics

A

biography

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3
Q

what is nomotheitc

A

describes the study of classes or cohorts of individuals.

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4
Q

what is No inferential statistics

A

graphic analysis and eyeballing

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5
Q

what is Counter argument

A

only the strongest effect receive support as opposed to inferential

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6
Q

what does the individual participant serve as

A

serves as the unit of analysis

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7
Q

how many people are studied in a single case experiment design

A

typically 3 to 8

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8
Q

what is the baseline

A

pretest

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9
Q

robbies study of behavior

A
  1. pretest
  2. Disregard disruptive behavior/ praise after 1 continuous minute of studying
  3. Remove operant conditioning
  4. Reinstate operant conditioning
  5. Continue  assessed later (also better in spelling 9 from 10 instead of 5)
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10
Q

what is irreverseability

A

once a change in the independent variable occurs, the dependent variable is affected. This cannot be undone by simply removing the independent variable.

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11
Q

what is ethical problems

A

Withdrawal of treatment in the withdrawal design can at times present ethical and feasibility problems.

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12
Q

what are case studies

A

making careful analyses of the experiences of a particular person or group

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13
Q

what makes case studies different

A

usually of extraordinary experience which would be hard to recreate in the lab

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14
Q

what are the uses of case study methods

A
  1. development or refinement of theories of human behavior. A source of insights and ideas.
  2. describe rare phenomenon
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15
Q

what is group think

A
  1. tendency to seek concurrence among group members.
  2. Emerges when the need for agreement takes priority over the motivation to obtain accurate information and make appropriate decisions.
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16
Q

what are limitations of the case study approach

A
  1. failure to control all variables
  2. statistical interference (how well the results apply to to people in general.
  3. operational definitions are sometimes a problem
  4. observer biases
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17
Q

what is single variable research

A

describe some specific properties of a large group of people

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18
Q

what is a population survey and consensus

A

The first identifies a (hopefully) representative subset while the latter targets the defined population.

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19
Q

what is sampling error

A

reflects the likely discrepancy between the results one obtains from a sample and the population.

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20
Q

simple random sampling facts

A

can be generalized, have equal chance of inlcusion, involves identifying all elements

21
Q

systematic sampling

A

selecting every nth case, easier to do then random sampling, close approximation of random sampling

22
Q

stratified sampling

A

divide into groups and take samples from those groups, sample represents key sub groups from that population,

23
Q

cluster sampling

A

surveying whole clusters of populations, schools, hospitals, region, individuals within the group can be interviewed and surveyed, multiple stages

24
Q

snowball sampling

A

building samples through referrals, once one is identified ask them to identify others, working populations not easily identifiable

25
Q

sex surveys

A

kinsley

26
Q

what is Epidemiological Research

A

descriptive studies that focus primarily on the prevalence of different diseases within meaningful, well-defined populations.

27
Q

what is Research on Public opinion

A

designed to determine the attitudes and the preferences of specific populations (including marketing research).

28
Q

false consensus effect

A

where an individual believes that own beliefs, ideals, concepts, opinions, values and attitudes are held more widely within a certain population than they actually are.

Psychology Dictionary: What is FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT? definition of FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT (Psychology Dictionary)

29
Q

advantages of population surveys

A

cost effective

30
Q

disadvantages of population surveys

A

Complex sampling issues.
Attrition of the American public to being surveyed.
Noise.

31
Q

correlation research

A

exploration into associations of variables in natural settings.

32
Q

Which Types of Confounds should be looked for in Correlational Research

A

person confounds- individual difference variable
enviornmental- situational. Stressful life events can cause both depression and anxiety!
Operational confounds – occurs when a measure which is designed to measure one construct measures something else as well.

33
Q

why correlation research

A
  1. Some research can not be conducted ethically or efficiently otherwise (in the laboratory).
  2. Gains in external validity sometimes compensate for any losses in internal validity
34
Q

archival research

A

Research in which investigators examine naturally existing public records to test a theory or hypothesis. Usually high on external validity.

35
Q

problems with archival research

A
  1. internal validity

2. classifications

36
Q

first component of experimental research

A

Manipulation – The experimenter systematically alters the levels of the independent variable to asses changes in the outcome variable

37
Q

how to solve the problem of ceteris paribus

A

first attempt- matching one participant to a similar one in the other group

38
Q

problems with matching

A

hard to achieve and endless

39
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants to either research condition.

40
Q

strengths of random assignment

A
  1. relatively easy and equalizes the groups
41
Q

problems with random assignment

A

the need for thoughtful replication

42
Q

independent variable

A

experiment manipulated by the experimenter

43
Q

levels

A

one value of an independent variable

44
Q

types of independent variables

A
  1. environmental
  2. instructional
  3. invasive
45
Q

dependent variable

A

variable in the experiment measured by the experimenter

46
Q

manipulation checks

A

a measure designed to see if a manipulation truly puts people in the psychological state that the experimenter wishes to create.

47
Q

procedural confounds

A

Occur when an experimenter unwittingly manipulates two or more things at once.

48
Q

operational confounds

A

The independent variable caused the observed changes in the dependent variable but the independent variable may not represent the construct the experimenter originally had in mind.

49
Q

what does lab research eliminate

A

confounds

psychology 230 (1 decks)

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