Test 3? Flashcards
in psychology what does idiographic describe
the study of the individual who is seen as a unique agent with unique life history
what is the common method to study these unique characteristics
biography
what is nomotheitc
describes the study of classes or cohorts of individuals.
what is No inferential statistics
graphic analysis and eyeballing
what is Counter argument
only the strongest effect receive support as opposed to inferential
what does the individual participant serve as
serves as the unit of analysis
how many people are studied in a single case experiment design
typically 3 to 8
what is the baseline
pretest
robbies study of behavior
- pretest
- Disregard disruptive behavior/ praise after 1 continuous minute of studying
- Remove operant conditioning
- Reinstate operant conditioning
- Continue assessed later (also better in spelling 9 from 10 instead of 5)
what is irreverseability
once a change in the independent variable occurs, the dependent variable is affected. This cannot be undone by simply removing the independent variable.
what is ethical problems
Withdrawal of treatment in the withdrawal design can at times present ethical and feasibility problems.
what are case studies
making careful analyses of the experiences of a particular person or group
what makes case studies different
usually of extraordinary experience which would be hard to recreate in the lab
what are the uses of case study methods
- development or refinement of theories of human behavior. A source of insights and ideas.
- describe rare phenomenon
what is group think
- tendency to seek concurrence among group members.
- Emerges when the need for agreement takes priority over the motivation to obtain accurate information and make appropriate decisions.
what are limitations of the case study approach
- failure to control all variables
- statistical interference (how well the results apply to to people in general.
- operational definitions are sometimes a problem
- observer biases
what is single variable research
describe some specific properties of a large group of people
what is a population survey and consensus
The first identifies a (hopefully) representative subset while the latter targets the defined population.
what is sampling error
reflects the likely discrepancy between the results one obtains from a sample and the population.
simple random sampling facts
can be generalized, have equal chance of inlcusion, involves identifying all elements
systematic sampling
selecting every nth case, easier to do then random sampling, close approximation of random sampling
stratified sampling
divide into groups and take samples from those groups, sample represents key sub groups from that population,
cluster sampling
surveying whole clusters of populations, schools, hospitals, region, individuals within the group can be interviewed and surveyed, multiple stages
snowball sampling
building samples through referrals, once one is identified ask them to identify others, working populations not easily identifiable
sex surveys
kinsley
what is Epidemiological Research
descriptive studies that focus primarily on the prevalence of different diseases within meaningful, well-defined populations.
what is Research on Public opinion
designed to determine the attitudes and the preferences of specific populations (including marketing research).
false consensus effect
where an individual believes that own beliefs, ideals, concepts, opinions, values and attitudes are held more widely within a certain population than they actually are.
Psychology Dictionary: What is FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT? definition of FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT (Psychology Dictionary)
advantages of population surveys
cost effective
disadvantages of population surveys
Complex sampling issues.
Attrition of the American public to being surveyed.
Noise.
correlation research
exploration into associations of variables in natural settings.
Which Types of Confounds should be looked for in Correlational Research
person confounds- individual difference variable
enviornmental- situational. Stressful life events can cause both depression and anxiety!
Operational confounds – occurs when a measure which is designed to measure one construct measures something else as well.
why correlation research
- Some research can not be conducted ethically or efficiently otherwise (in the laboratory).
- Gains in external validity sometimes compensate for any losses in internal validity
archival research
Research in which investigators examine naturally existing public records to test a theory or hypothesis. Usually high on external validity.
problems with archival research
- internal validity
2. classifications
first component of experimental research
Manipulation – The experimenter systematically alters the levels of the independent variable to asses changes in the outcome variable
how to solve the problem of ceteris paribus
first attempt- matching one participant to a similar one in the other group
problems with matching
hard to achieve and endless
random assignment
assigning participants to either research condition.
strengths of random assignment
- relatively easy and equalizes the groups
problems with random assignment
the need for thoughtful replication
independent variable
experiment manipulated by the experimenter
levels
one value of an independent variable
types of independent variables
- environmental
- instructional
- invasive
dependent variable
variable in the experiment measured by the experimenter
manipulation checks
a measure designed to see if a manipulation truly puts people in the psychological state that the experimenter wishes to create.
procedural confounds
Occur when an experimenter unwittingly manipulates two or more things at once.
operational confounds
The independent variable caused the observed changes in the dependent variable but the independent variable may not represent the construct the experimenter originally had in mind.
what does lab research eliminate
confounds
