Test 3 Flashcards
Peptic Ulcers
- What is the cause
- Location
- Erosion of mucosa by acid or bacteria
2. most common in duodenum
Hiatial Hernia
- What is it?
- Symptoms?
- proximal portion of stomach protrudes into the thorax
2. acid reflux type symptoms
Splenomegaly
- What causes it?
- What is it?
- caused by blood diseases, portal hypertension
2. enlargement of the spleen
Cirrhosis of Liver
- What causes it?
- What is it?
- alcoholism, hepatitis, fatty liver disease
2. replacement by fibrous tissue
Portal hypertension
- What is it?
- Symptoms
- blockage of blood flow into liver increases the pressure upstream and forces blood into portal system anastamoses.
- Caput medesae
Esophageal Varices
1. What is it?
- Back up in portal side causes a back up in the gastric veins, which eventually will reach the esophageal veins in the submucosa
Ascites
- What causes it?
- what is it’s clinical presentation
- caused by portal tension
2. edema in visceral tissues (often abdomen)
Gallstones
1. What is it?
crystallization of cholesterol or bile salts
Ischemic Bowel
- What is it?
- What is it’s clinical presentation?
- Loss of blood supply
2. pain, vomitting, necrosis, sepsis
Diverticulum
- what is it’s cause?
- location
- high internal pressure that produces bulges in the large intestinal wall
- most common in sigmoid colon
Nutcracker Syndrome
- What is it?
- Clinical presentation
- congenital compression of left renal vein between SMA and aorta
- swelling/pain in gonads, portal hypertension
Positive Psoas Sign
- What is it?
- What does it indicate?
- pain upon contraction of psoas major muscles
2. inflamed appendix
Kidney Stones
1. What are they?
- Urine over concentration
Hydronephrosis
1. What is it?
Kidney stones stop urine from leaving the body, so build up of urine
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
1. what is it?
- swelling of abdominal aorta
Episiotomy?
1. What is it?
- incision made in perineum to enlarge distal end of vaginal wall
Ruptures of intermediate urethra?
- What causes it?
- What is it?
- fracture of pelvic girdle
- extravasation of urine and blood into deep perineal pouch and may pass through UG hiatus and pool around prostate and bladder
Rupture of Spongy Urethra
- Location
- what causes it?
- What is it?
- usually in the bulb of the penis
- forceful blow to the perineum or incorrect passage of catheter
- urine escapes into superficial perineal pouch and can pass up into abdominal wall
Bartholonitis
- What is it?
- What is it associated with?
- What causes it?
- inflammation of one or both of the greater vestibular glands
- development of an abscess in the affected area
- bacterial infection
Hysterosalpingography
1. What is it?
- procedure to determine placement of uterine tubes
Ectopic Pregnancy
- Location
- What is it?
- most common in ampulla of uterine tubes
2. pregnancy outside of the uterus
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
- Cause
- What is it?
- Clinical presentation?
- CRX?
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of circular and longitudinal muscles
- pyloric channel becomes thickened and stomach dilated due to obstruction
- immediate postprandial, non-bilious projectile vomiting, and palpable epigastric mass (olive)
- pyloric muscle thickness
Duodenal Atresia
- Cause?
- prenatal diagnosis?
- CRX?
- clinical presentation
- failure of recanalization of duodenal lumen
- polyhydramnios
- double bubble
- bilious vomiting, trisomy 21
Biliary Atresia
- Cause
- Clinical presentation
- Ultrasound:
- failure of biliary tree to recanalize
- persistent jaundice, acholic stools, dark urine, enlarged liver, failure to thrive
- shrunken or absent gallbladder
Intestinal Atresia
- Cause
- Clinical presentation
- late intrauterine mesenteric vascular accident or complication of healed intrauterine intestinal perforation
- abdominal distension
Meckel Diverticulumm
- Cause
- Clinical presentation
- persistence of OMD (vitelline duct) for connecting the midgut to the yolk sac.
- painless rectal bleeding, obstruction due to volvulus, but most are asymptomatic
Gastroischisis
- Cause
- Clinical presentation:
- Associated with?
- failure or fusion of lateral folds during transverse folding
- ab defect to the right of the umbilical cord, abdominal contents herniated
- associated with cocaine use
Omphalocele
- Cause
- clinical presentation
- persistence of midgut herniation in umbilical cord
2. abdominal contents herniated within umbilical cord
Umbilical Hernia
1. Cause
- midgut hernia reduces normally, but herniates again through imperfectly closed umbilicis, covered with skin
Hirschprung’s Disease
- cause
- presentation
- absence of ganglion cells in distal bowel beginning at anus and extending proximally. Failure of migration of neural crest cells
- abscence of myenteric and submucosal nerve plexus, inability of gut to relax, and functional bowel obstruction. Can’t pass meconium.
Imperforate Anus
- Cause
- Low type
- High Type
- urorectal septum fails to completely separate from allantois and hindgut
- rectum descends below levator ani
- rectum located above levator ani
Unilateral Renal Agenesis
- What is it?
- Associated with?
- absence of one kidney
2. genital anomalies, trisomy 18 or 13, and prenatal rubella infection
Bilateral Renal Agenesis
- What is it?
- Associated with?
- absence of both kidneys, incompatible with life
2. Potter’s sequence, oligohydramnios
Congenital Cystic Kidneys
- type 3
- Type 5
- autosomal dominant and affected kidneys contain both normal and abnormal tissues
- autosomal recessive, manifests during adult life, dead by 50
Horseshoe Kidney
1. Cause
- fusion of two kidneys at their inferior poles
Wilms Tumor
- Cause
- Clinical Presentation
- mesodermal origin, metanephric tissue that have failed to differentiate into normal kidney tissue
- asymptomatic abdominal mass, miscroscopic hematuria, occlusion of left renal vein, urinary disturbance
Hypospadias
1. What is it?
- urethral opening on ventral side of penis
Epispadia
1. What is it?
Urethral opening on dorsal side of the penis
Cryptochidism
1. What is it?
- Undescended testes
Double Uretus Vagina
1. Cause
- complete lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts and sinovaginal bulbs
Bicornuate Uterus
- What is it?
- What causes it?
- ureter has two horns entering a common vagina
2. partial fusion of paramesonephric ducts
Vaginal Atresia
- What is it
- Cause
- block of vaginal lumen
2. failure of vaginal plate to canalize and form lumen
Hypospadias
- Cause
- What is it?
- failure of urethral folds to fuse at midline
2. urethral opening on ventral surface of penis
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- What is it?
- Clinical presentation?
- androgen excess, inborn error of cortisol
2. failure to thrive, progressive weight loss, dehydration
Aromatase Deficiency
- What is it
- Associated with?
- defect in aromatase enzyme that causes increase in androgens due to lack of conversion of estrogen
- virilization in both mother and infant female
Ovotesticular DSD
- What is it?
- Associated with?
- true hermaphroditism
2. mullerian/wolffian structures, 46,XX chromosome
Complete Gonadal Dysgenesis
- Chromosome?
- what is it?
- Causes?
- 46 XY (male)
- phenotypical female internal and external
- No MIS or testosterone
Partial Gonadal Dysgensis
- what is it?
- Associated with?
- gonads are dysgenetic
2. gonadal mosaicism
5 alpha reductase deficiency
- what is it?
- Cause
- complete or partial androgen receptor responsiveness
2. defect of androgen receptor
CAIS
1. What is it?
- phenotypically female, no uterus, intra-abdominal testes, and normal serum test for male
PAIS
1. What is it?
- variable presentation from phenotypic female with mild virilization to under-virilized male
Turner Syndrome
- What is it?
- Clinical presentation
- complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome
2. short stature and ovarian failure, with webbed neck, renal anomalies, left-sided cardiac anomalies, and lymphadema
Klinefelter Syndrome
- What is it?
- Clinical presentation
- Extra X Chromosome
2. gynecomastia, azoospermia, testicular failure, small firm testes
Mixed gonadal dysgenesis
1. what is it?
- chromosomal abnormality drives formation of 2 different gonads
“mosaic pattern”
Inguinal Hernia
- Direct:
- Indirect:
- weak inguinal floor muscles, medial to inferior epigastric vessels
- patent processus vaginalis, lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
Peritonitis
What is it?
What is it’s cause?
organ rupture, often appendicitis or gastric ulcer
perforation of abdominal wall