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CADE Clinical Correlation > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Peptic Ulcers

  1. What is the cause
  2. Location
A
  1. Erosion of mucosa by acid or bacteria

2. most common in duodenum

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2
Q

Hiatial Hernia

  1. What is it?
  2. Symptoms?
A
  1. proximal portion of stomach protrudes into the thorax

2. acid reflux type symptoms

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3
Q

Splenomegaly

  1. What causes it?
  2. What is it?
A
  1. caused by blood diseases, portal hypertension

2. enlargement of the spleen

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4
Q

Cirrhosis of Liver

  1. What causes it?
  2. What is it?
A
  1. alcoholism, hepatitis, fatty liver disease

2. replacement by fibrous tissue

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5
Q

Portal hypertension

  1. What is it?
  2. Symptoms
A
  1. blockage of blood flow into liver increases the pressure upstream and forces blood into portal system anastamoses.
  2. Caput medesae
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6
Q

Esophageal Varices

1. What is it?

A
  1. Back up in portal side causes a back up in the gastric veins, which eventually will reach the esophageal veins in the submucosa
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7
Q

Ascites

  1. What causes it?
  2. what is it’s clinical presentation
A
  1. caused by portal tension

2. edema in visceral tissues (often abdomen)

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8
Q

Gallstones

1. What is it?

A

crystallization of cholesterol or bile salts

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9
Q

Ischemic Bowel

  1. What is it?
  2. What is it’s clinical presentation?
A
  1. Loss of blood supply

2. pain, vomitting, necrosis, sepsis

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10
Q

Diverticulum

  1. what is it’s cause?
  2. location
A
  1. high internal pressure that produces bulges in the large intestinal wall
  2. most common in sigmoid colon
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11
Q

Nutcracker Syndrome

  1. What is it?
  2. Clinical presentation
A
  1. congenital compression of left renal vein between SMA and aorta
  2. swelling/pain in gonads, portal hypertension
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12
Q

Positive Psoas Sign

  1. What is it?
  2. What does it indicate?
A
  1. pain upon contraction of psoas major muscles

2. inflamed appendix

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13
Q

Kidney Stones

1. What are they?

A
  1. Urine over concentration
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14
Q

Hydronephrosis

1. What is it?

A

Kidney stones stop urine from leaving the body, so build up of urine

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15
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

1. what is it?

A
  1. swelling of abdominal aorta
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16
Q

Episiotomy?

1. What is it?

A
  1. incision made in perineum to enlarge distal end of vaginal wall
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17
Q

Ruptures of intermediate urethra?

  1. What causes it?
  2. What is it?
A
  1. fracture of pelvic girdle
  2. extravasation of urine and blood into deep perineal pouch and may pass through UG hiatus and pool around prostate and bladder
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18
Q

Rupture of Spongy Urethra

  1. Location
  2. what causes it?
  3. What is it?
A
  1. usually in the bulb of the penis
  2. forceful blow to the perineum or incorrect passage of catheter
  3. urine escapes into superficial perineal pouch and can pass up into abdominal wall
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19
Q

Bartholonitis

  1. What is it?
  2. What is it associated with?
  3. What causes it?
A
  1. inflammation of one or both of the greater vestibular glands
  2. development of an abscess in the affected area
  3. bacterial infection
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20
Q

Hysterosalpingography

1. What is it?

A
  1. procedure to determine placement of uterine tubes
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21
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

  1. Location
  2. What is it?
A
  1. most common in ampulla of uterine tubes

2. pregnancy outside of the uterus

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22
Q

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

  1. Cause
  2. What is it?
  3. Clinical presentation?
  4. CRX?
A
  1. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of circular and longitudinal muscles
  2. pyloric channel becomes thickened and stomach dilated due to obstruction
  3. immediate postprandial, non-bilious projectile vomiting, and palpable epigastric mass (olive)
  4. pyloric muscle thickness
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23
Q

Duodenal Atresia

  1. Cause?
  2. prenatal diagnosis?
  3. CRX?
  4. clinical presentation
A
  1. failure of recanalization of duodenal lumen
  2. polyhydramnios
  3. double bubble
  4. bilious vomiting, trisomy 21
24
Q

Biliary Atresia

  1. Cause
  2. Clinical presentation
  3. Ultrasound:
A
  1. failure of biliary tree to recanalize
  2. persistent jaundice, acholic stools, dark urine, enlarged liver, failure to thrive
  3. shrunken or absent gallbladder
25
Q

Intestinal Atresia

  1. Cause
  2. Clinical presentation
A
  1. late intrauterine mesenteric vascular accident or complication of healed intrauterine intestinal perforation
  2. abdominal distension
26
Q

Meckel Diverticulumm

  1. Cause
  2. Clinical presentation
A
  1. persistence of OMD (vitelline duct) for connecting the midgut to the yolk sac.
  2. painless rectal bleeding, obstruction due to volvulus, but most are asymptomatic
27
Q

Gastroischisis

  1. Cause
  2. Clinical presentation:
  3. Associated with?
A
  1. failure or fusion of lateral folds during transverse folding
  2. ab defect to the right of the umbilical cord, abdominal contents herniated
  3. associated with cocaine use
28
Q

Omphalocele

  1. Cause
  2. clinical presentation
A
  1. persistence of midgut herniation in umbilical cord

2. abdominal contents herniated within umbilical cord

29
Q

Umbilical Hernia

1. Cause

A
  1. midgut hernia reduces normally, but herniates again through imperfectly closed umbilicis, covered with skin
30
Q

Hirschprung’s Disease

  1. cause
  2. presentation
A
  1. absence of ganglion cells in distal bowel beginning at anus and extending proximally. Failure of migration of neural crest cells
  2. abscence of myenteric and submucosal nerve plexus, inability of gut to relax, and functional bowel obstruction. Can’t pass meconium.
31
Q

Imperforate Anus

  1. Cause
  2. Low type
  3. High Type
A
  1. urorectal septum fails to completely separate from allantois and hindgut
  2. rectum descends below levator ani
  3. rectum located above levator ani
32
Q

Unilateral Renal Agenesis

  1. What is it?
  2. Associated with?
A
  1. absence of one kidney

2. genital anomalies, trisomy 18 or 13, and prenatal rubella infection

33
Q

Bilateral Renal Agenesis

  1. What is it?
  2. Associated with?
A
  1. absence of both kidneys, incompatible with life

2. Potter’s sequence, oligohydramnios

34
Q

Congenital Cystic Kidneys

  1. type 3
  2. Type 5
A
  1. autosomal dominant and affected kidneys contain both normal and abnormal tissues
  2. autosomal recessive, manifests during adult life, dead by 50
35
Q

Horseshoe Kidney

1. Cause

A
  1. fusion of two kidneys at their inferior poles
36
Q

Wilms Tumor

  1. Cause
  2. Clinical Presentation
A
  1. mesodermal origin, metanephric tissue that have failed to differentiate into normal kidney tissue
  2. asymptomatic abdominal mass, miscroscopic hematuria, occlusion of left renal vein, urinary disturbance
37
Q

Hypospadias

1. What is it?

A
  1. urethral opening on ventral side of penis
38
Q

Epispadia

1. What is it?

A

Urethral opening on dorsal side of the penis

39
Q

Cryptochidism

1. What is it?

A
  1. Undescended testes
40
Q

Double Uretus Vagina

1. Cause

A
  1. complete lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts and sinovaginal bulbs
41
Q

Bicornuate Uterus

  1. What is it?
  2. What causes it?
A
  1. ureter has two horns entering a common vagina

2. partial fusion of paramesonephric ducts

42
Q

Vaginal Atresia

  1. What is it
  2. Cause
A
  1. block of vaginal lumen

2. failure of vaginal plate to canalize and form lumen

43
Q

Hypospadias

  1. Cause
  2. What is it?
A
  1. failure of urethral folds to fuse at midline

2. urethral opening on ventral surface of penis

44
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

  1. What is it?
  2. Clinical presentation?
A
  1. androgen excess, inborn error of cortisol

2. failure to thrive, progressive weight loss, dehydration

45
Q

Aromatase Deficiency

  1. What is it
  2. Associated with?
A
  1. defect in aromatase enzyme that causes increase in androgens due to lack of conversion of estrogen
  2. virilization in both mother and infant female
46
Q

Ovotesticular DSD

  1. What is it?
  2. Associated with?
A
  1. true hermaphroditism

2. mullerian/wolffian structures, 46,XX chromosome

47
Q

Complete Gonadal Dysgenesis

  1. Chromosome?
  2. what is it?
  3. Causes?
A
  1. 46 XY (male)
  2. phenotypical female internal and external
  3. No MIS or testosterone
48
Q

Partial Gonadal Dysgensis

  1. what is it?
  2. Associated with?
A
  1. gonads are dysgenetic

2. gonadal mosaicism

49
Q

5 alpha reductase deficiency

  1. what is it?
  2. Cause
A
  1. complete or partial androgen receptor responsiveness

2. defect of androgen receptor

50
Q

CAIS

1. What is it?

A
  1. phenotypically female, no uterus, intra-abdominal testes, and normal serum test for male
51
Q

PAIS

1. What is it?

A
  1. variable presentation from phenotypic female with mild virilization to under-virilized male
52
Q

Turner Syndrome

  1. What is it?
  2. Clinical presentation
A
  1. complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome

2. short stature and ovarian failure, with webbed neck, renal anomalies, left-sided cardiac anomalies, and lymphadema

53
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

  1. What is it?
  2. Clinical presentation
A
  1. Extra X Chromosome

2. gynecomastia, azoospermia, testicular failure, small firm testes

54
Q

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis

1. what is it?

A
  1. chromosomal abnormality drives formation of 2 different gonads
    “mosaic pattern”
55
Q

Inguinal Hernia

  1. Direct:
  2. Indirect:
A
  1. weak inguinal floor muscles, medial to inferior epigastric vessels
  2. patent processus vaginalis, lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
56
Q

Peritonitis
What is it?
What is it’s cause?

A

organ rupture, often appendicitis or gastric ulcer

perforation of abdominal wall

CADE Clinical Correlation (1 decks)

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