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Psychology 1101 > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

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2
Q

Behaviorism

A

A theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviors.

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3
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events.

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4
Q

Conditioning

A

The process of learning associations.

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

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6
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another’s behavior.

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7
Q

UCS / US

A

Unconditioned stimulus; a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

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8
Q

UCR / UR

A

Unconditioned response; An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the UCS.

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9
Q

NS

A

Neutral stimulus; A stimulus that does not (initially) trigger a response.

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10
Q

CS

A

Conditioned stimulus; A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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11
Q

CR

A

Conditioned response; The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-UCS pairing.

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12
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

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13
Q

Contiguity

A

The CS and UCS are presented very close together in time.

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14
Q

Contingency

A

The CS must not only precede the UCS closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the UCS is on its way.

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15
Q

Generalization (classical)

A

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response similar to the conditioned response.

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16
Q

Discrimination (classical)

A

The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

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17
Q

Extinction (classical)

A

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

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18
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

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19
Q

Counterconditioning

A

A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

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20
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

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21
Q

Taste aversion

A

A special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.

22
Q

Habituation

A

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

23
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior’s occurrence.

24
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s law that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

25
Q

Shaping

A

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

26
Q

Reinforcement

A

The process by which a stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.

27
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

When the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the presentation of something that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

28
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

When the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something.

29
Q

Avoidance learning

A

When the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether avoided.

30
Q

Learned helplessness

A

When the organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.

31
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience.

32
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable.

33
Q

Generalization (operant)

A

Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

34
Q

Discrimination (operant)

A

Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

35
Q

Extinction (operant)

A

When a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.

36
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

When a reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time.

37
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

38
Q

Ratio schedules

A

Based on the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to the reward.

39
Q

Interval schedules

A

Based on the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded.

40
Q

Fixed schedule

A

When the number of behaviors or the amount of time is always the same.

41
Q

Variable schedule

A

When the required number of behaviors or amount of time changes and is unpredictable from the perspective of the learner.

42
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

43
Q

Positive punishment

A

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

44
Q

Negative punishment

A

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

45
Q

Applied behavior analysis

A

Also called behavior modification; The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

46
Q

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

A

The four main processes in observational learning.

47
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Seeing a model attain a reward for an activity increases the chances that an observer will repeat that behavior.

48
Q

Vicarious punishment

A

Seeing a model punished for an activity decreases the chances that an observer will repeat that behavior.

49
Q

Latent learning

A

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

50
Q

Insight learning

A

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding a problem’s solution.

51
Q

Instinctive drift

A

The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

52
Q

Preparedness

A

The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

Psychology 1101 (2 decks)

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