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Genetics Test 3 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes located on the same chromosome

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2
Q

Parental type gametes

A

Formed without a crossover, occurs more frequently than recombant

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3
Q

Recombinant type gametes

A

Formed when a crossover occurs

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4
Q

Crossing over

A

exchange of genes between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

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5
Q

Which phases of meiosis does crossing over occur

A

Prophase 1

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6
Q

Codominant

A

Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote

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7
Q

Multiple alleles

A

More than 2 forms of the same gene

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8
Q

Antibody

A

Made in response to the entry of a foreign protein

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9
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that stimulates production of an antibody

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10
Q

RhoGAM, when and who is it given to

A

Is concentrated Rh + antibodies, given to mothers after birth of Rh+ child

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11
Q

What does RhoGAM do?

A

Its antibodies destroy fetal Rh+ cells prior to mom making the antibodies

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12
Q

What does HLA stand for?

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen

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13
Q

When is HLA used?

A

Greater transplant success if match at HLA loci

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14
Q

Autograft

A

Genetically identical transplants, from individual

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15
Q

Allograft

A

Transplant between same species

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16
Q

Isograft

A

Genetically identical transplant between twins, no risk of rejection

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17
Q

Xenograft

A

Transplant between different species

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18
Q

Organ trafficking

A

Trafficking in Humans for the removal and selling of organs

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19
Q

Transplant tourism

A

Patient travels to foreign county to acquire human organ from donors outside legal jurisdiction, issues is no medical care

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20
Q

What disorder did Bubble Boy have?

A

Missing T and B cells, Immune System Disorder

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21
Q

T cells?

A

Mediated autoimmune attack, produced in bone marrow and mature in thymus

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22
Q

B cells?

A

Make antibodies, produced in bone marrow

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23
Q

What makes a stem cell

A

Undifferentiated, precursor cell that has the ability to differentiate into specialized tissues in the body, ability to divide continuously in culture, has ability to create identical cells and specialized cells

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24
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

have potential to differentiate into many/most tissue types, obtained from blastocyst of early embryo, implant DNA of somatic cell into an enucleated human eff

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25
Adult Stem Cells
More limited as to types of tissues they can become, obtain from umbilical cord, bone marrow of adult, some adult cells
26
Use of Stem Cells
Knowledge about processes of development and differentiation, therapy, drug testing
27
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Therapeutic Cloning, uses patients cells so should be compatible with patient, nucleus removed and inserted to eggs cell and cloned
28
Multipotent
cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells, adult cell
29
Pluripotent
cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body, embryonic stem cells
30
totipotent
cells can form all the cell types in a body, embryonic cells within first couple divisions
31
Nobel Prize of 2012
John Furdon-discovered specialized cell still had genetic info. needed develop all cells in mature organisms. Shinya Yamanaka= determined the insertion of 4 genes could reprogram differentiated cells and cause them to become pluripotent stem cells
32
Contoversy
Fetal origin and right to life, tampering with Gods plan, fear of going to far. Can have easy access to adult stem why do we need embryonic?
33
Who sets regulations for stem cells.
National Institute of Health
34
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction, replicate strands
35
STR
Short Tandem Repeats, paternity and forensics purpose
36
RFLP
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphic, presence or absence of genetic disorder
37
SNP
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,, identify DNA sequence differences and presence/absence of genetic disorder
38
SNP Haplotype
a sequence of SNP patterns along the length of a chromosome
39
Process of PCR
1. Denature DNA 2. Primers anneal 3. Taq polymerase adds nucleotides
40
Who won nobel prize for PCR
Kary Mullis
41
Restriction Enzyme
enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence
42
Electrophoresis
separate fragments of DNA on a gel, small pieces move faster
43
Probe DNA
single stranded DNA that is tagged with a label allowing you to recognize where the probe and DNA that base-pairs to the probe is located
44
Gene Chip/Microarray Analysis
Chip with SNP probes on them, sample is incubated with chip and binds where SNPs match, computer will say which SNPs are present, Allows study of temporal and spacial patterns of gene expression
45
23 and Me and FDA
23 and Me is only allowed to do ancestry testing due to FDA regulations. They are working with the FDA to validate their medical testing.
46
Conditions you are required to give a sample of DNA
If detained for federal offense, if detained as an immigrant, from suspects
47
Characteristics of Polygenic Triats
More than 1 gene controls trait, effect of each gene is small, no dominance, large number of genotype, phenotype depends on genetic and environmental factors, continuous variation, normal distribution between phenotype and frequency
48
Monozygotic
Twings=MZ=Identical twins
49
Dizygotic
Twins=DZ=Fraternal Twins
50
Super Twins
combinations of identical and fraternal twinning events that sometimes occurs with multiples
51
Which twinning is inherited?
Fraternal, increases with age of mother,
52
Conjoined Twins
Siamese Twins, Identical
53
Heritability
proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic effects
54
Concordance from twin studies
compare pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins for a triat
55
Concordant
Twins same for trait
56
Discordant
Twins differ for trait
57
Concordance ratios
High MZ:Low DZ indicates significant role of genetic effects, Similar MZ and DZ indicates lots of variation is due to environmental factors, Low MZ:High DZ indicates genetic predisposition
58
Factors assessed by IQ test
Space, Number, Verbal, Word Fluency, ability to memorize, inductive reasoning
59
Perinatal
at delivery
60
Purpose of Neuroglia cells
Guide development and movements of neurons in embryo, produce nerve growth factors throughout life
61
Neurotransmission
Sending a signal across a synapse from 1 neuron to another using a neurotransmitter molecule
62
Pku, galactosemia
Both autosomal recessive,pku cant metabolize phenylalanine, g-toxic levels of galactose in blood
63
Hurler syndrome, tay-sachs disease
Bith autosomal recessive, hurler-missing lysozomal enzyme ts- lysomal storage disorder
64
Down syndrome, edward syndrome, patau
Trisomy 21, trisomy 18, trisomy 13
65
Fragile x syndrome
Repeated cgg sequence.
66
Narcolespsy
Suddenly fall into short deep sleep
67
Cataplexy
Short sudden episode of muscle weekness and falls down asleep during time of excitement
68
Parkinson
Clear mind but loss control over body muscles
69
Epilepsy
Both genetic and environmental sensitivity to lights cause seizures
70
Autism
Impaired communication, social problems, repetitive behavior
71
Huntingtons disease
Autosomal dominant, onset of 40s,neurological degeneration
72
Alzheimers
Problems with memory apeaking and comprehending others
73
Addiction
Compulsive physiological and psycological need for a habit forming substance
74
Alcoholism
Important role of genetics, causes degeneration of the brain and nerve cells
75
Eating disorders
Both genetic and environmental levels of seritonin related to eating disorder
76
Schizophrenia
Divided mind-alteration preception of reality
77
Bi-polar
Rapid behavior changes, mood stablizing medication

Genetics Test 3 (1 decks)

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