Test 3 Flashcards
Fixed-outcome shaping
Shaping that involves no change in the value of the reinforcer or aversive condition, as the performance criterion more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior
The law of effect
The effects of our actions determine whether we will repeat them
Multiple baseline
An experimental design in which the replications involve baselines of differing durations and interventions of differing starting times
Reliability measurement
The comparison of measurements of dependent variables and independent variables obtained by independent onservers
Process vs. product
Sometimes you need to make reinforcers and feedback contingent on the component responses of the process, not just the product
Parsimony
The use of no unnecessary concepts, principles, or assumptions
Shaping with reinforcement
The differential reinforcement of only that behavior that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior
Duration
The time from the beginning to the end of a response
Operant level
The frequency of responding before reinforcement
The differential punishment procedure
Punishing ONE set of responses and withholding punishment of another set of responses
Penalty contingency
The response-contingent REMOVAL of a reinforcer resulting in a DECREASED frequency of the response
Response-cost contingency
The response-contingent removal of a TANGIBLE reinforcer
Time-out contingency
The response-contingent removal of ACCESS TO a reinforcer
The sick social cycle (victim’s punishment model)
The perps aversive behavior punishes the victim’s appropriate behavior. And the victim’s stopping the appropriate behavior unintentionally reinforces that aversive behavior
Latency
The time between the signal or opportunity for a response and the beginning of the response
Task analysis
An analysis of complex behavior and sequence of behavior into their component responses
Premack principle
If one activity occurs more often than another, the opportunity to do the more frequent activity will reinforce the less frequent activity
The sick social cycle (victim’s escape model)
In escaping the perps aversive behavior the victim unintentionally reinforces that aversive behavior
Overcorrection
A contingency on inappropriate behavior requiring the person to engage in an effortful response that more than corrects the effects of inappropriate behavior
Punishment contingency
Response-contingent PRESENTATION of an aversive condition resulting in a DECREASED frequency of that response
Terminal behavior
Behavior not in the repertoire or not occurring at the desired frequency; the goal of the intervention
The differential-reinforcement procedure
Reinforcing one set of responses and withholding reinforcement for another set of responses
Single-subject research design
The entire experiment is conducted with a single subject, though it may be replicated with several other subjects
Response dimension
The physical properties of a response
Response class
A set of responses that either A) are similar on at least one response dimension B) share the effects of reinforcement and punishment C) serve the same function
Motivation operations
A procedure or condition that affects learning and performance with respect to a particular reinforcer or aversive condition
Unlearned reinforcer
A stimulus that is a reinforcer though not as a result of pairing with another reinforcer
Extinction
Stopping the reinforcement or escape contingency for a previously reinforced response causes the response frequency to decrease
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
The replacement of an inappropriate response with a specific appropriate response that producers the same reinforcing outcome
Spontaneous recovery
A temporary recovery of the extinguished behavior during the first part of each of the extinction sessions that follow the first extinction session
The don’t say rule
With nonverbal organisms, don't say Expects Knows Thinks Figures out In order to Trying to Makes the connection Associates Learns that Imagines Understands With any organism don't say Wants
